general arrangement of the natural teeth in the jaw bones
dentition
How many primary teeth are there? And what is another name for them?
20
deciduous (or baby)
How many of each of the following teeth are in baby/deciduous teeth?
incisors
canines
molars
8
4
8
How many permanent teeth are there? And what is another name for them?
32
secondary dentition (or adult)
how many of each of the following teeth are in adult/secondary teeth?
incisors
canines
premolars
molars
8
4
8
12
describes permanent teeth that replace primary teeth
succedaneous
describes adult teeth that do not replace baby teeth. What teeth are these?
non-succadaneous teeth
adult 3rd molars
What is the function of the incisors?
biting and cutting
What is the canines function?
pierce or tear food
canines function to pierce and tear food because of their__________ shape and prominent __________
tapered
cusp
what is the function of the premolars?
assist the molars in grinding
assist the canines in pearcing and tearing
the premolars assist the molars because of their ___________ ________surface, and their_______cusps
broad occlusal
prominent
the premolars assist the canines in piercing and tearing food with their ______
cusps
WHat is the function of the molars?
grinding food (assisted by the premolars)
Molars function in grinding food because of their________ ________ surfaces and ________ _______
wide occlusal
prominent cusps
the first dentition period
primary
When does primary dentition begin?
with the eruption of the first primary teeth (primary mandibular central incisors)
the primary dentition period usually goes from ____________ to __________ of age
6 months
6 years
When does the primary dentition period end?
with the eruption of the first permanent tooth (usually the permanent mandibular first molar)
true or false. The jaw bones are growing during the primary dentition phase?
true
the second dentition period
mixed
the mixed dentition period usually occurs from _________ to __________ years of age
6
12
When does the mixed dentition period begin?
with the eruption of the first permanent tooth (usually the mandibular first molar)
When does the mixed dentition period end?
with the shedding of the last primary tooth
are primary crowns lighter or darker than permanent crowns? Why?
lighter
because permanent teeth have less enamel, so the yellow dentin is more visible
When do the jawbones undergo their fastes and most noticeable growth? and why?
mixed dentition period
to accommodate the larger teeth of the adult
Do males or females typically lose their baby teeth first?
females
Another name that the mixed dentition period is sometimes called because of the different tooth colors, sizes, and crown heights
ugly duckling stage
In many cases in the mixed dentition period, the surrounding gingiva responds to all these changes by becoming ________
inflammed
Why is oral hygiene difficult for patients during the mixed dentition stage?
changes may promote bacterial plaque biofilm retention
they are young
Where is the boneloss in juvenile periodontitis seen?
newly erupted permanent first molars and lower anteriors
What is the final dentition stage?
permanent
When does the permanent dentition period begin?
with the shedding of the last primary tooth
permanent dentition usually begins at about ______ years of age
12
tooth types tend to erupt in______
pairs
If you see a child who is unusually early or late in getting their teeth, inquire about _________ ______ _______
family dental history
true or false. the permanent dentition period usually includes the eruption of all the permanent teeth, except for teeth that are congenitally missing or impacted
true
What tooth designation system is most widely used in America today?
national or universal tooth designation system
Why is the universal tooth designation system the most widely used in the US?
because it is adaptable to electronic data transfer
Describe how the teeth are designated by the universal tooth designation system for the:
primary teeth
permanent teeth
A - T starting with the maxillary right 2nd molar, then going across, down, and back across and ending at the mandibular right 2nd molar
1 - 32 starting with the maxillary right 3rd molar, and moving across down and around ending at the mandibular right 3rd molar
What is the tooth designation system used nationally as well as electronically?
International standard organization designation system (ISO) by the world health organization
In the ISO system, they use a 2-digit code to identify teeth, what does each digit indicate?
first digit= the quadrant
second digit= the tooth in the quadrant
In the ISO system, what digits are used for the quadrants in permanent and primary dentition?
permanent= 1-4 in a clockwise manner
primary= 5-8 in a clockwise manner
In the ISO system, what digits are used to indicate the tooth number in permanent and primary dentition?
permanent= 1-8 from median line in a distal direction
primary= 1-5 from median line in a distal direction
What is the third method of tooth designation that is very helpful in orthodontics?
palmer method
How are the teeth designated in the Palmer method?
a right angle indicating quadrant
tooth number inside the right angle, similar to the numbering in the ISO syster
What are the 3 types of tooth designation?
Universal tooth designation system
International Standards Organization designation
Palmer method
designate the following teeth in the ISO and Palmer methods:
B, E, G, J, K, O, R, S
B= 54, D]
E= 51, A]
G= 62, [B
J= 65, [E
K= 75, {E
O= 71, {A
R= 83, C}
S= 84, D}
designate the following teeth in the ISO and Palmer methods:
2, 6, 9, 13, 17, 23, 28, 32
2= 17, 7]
6= 13, 3]
9= 21, [1
13= 25, [5
17= 38, {8
23= 32, {2
28= 44, 4}
32= 48, 8}
What system influenced the international standards organization designation system?
Federation dentitaire internationale system (FDI)
During what dentition period is jaw growth the slowest and least noticeable?
permanent dentition period
tooth-bearing portion of each jaw bone
alveolar process
bone of the socket that surrounds and supports each tooth (individual tooth socket)
alveolus
the way that the teeth of the mandibular arch come into contact with those of the maxillary arch, also used to describe the anatomical alignment of teeth and their relationship to the rest of the masticatory system
occlusion
What teeth make up the anterior teeth?
incisors and canines
What teeth make up the posterior teeth?
molars and premolars
divides each dental arch into three portions according to the relationship to the midline
sextants
sextant information material is useful in treatment plans that used ________ ________ for patient control
local anesthesia
external line at the neck or cervix of the tooth where the enamel of the crown and cementum of the root usually meet
cementoenamel junction (CEJ)
three type of CEJ meeting types and what percentages that they occur:
overlap= 60%
meet= 30%
gap= 10%
portion of tooth covered by enamel
anatomical crown
portion of the anatomical crown that is visible and not covered by gingiva
clinical crown
true or false. The clinical crown can change over time
true
portion of the tooth covered by cementum
anatomical root
portion of the anatomical root that is visible
clinical root
What side do roots have more bulk on?
facial surface
What side to roots taper more dramatically on?
lingual surface
an imaginary line representing the long axis of the tooth, drawn in a way to bisect the root and the crown in the cervical area
root axis line (RAL)
area between adjacent tooth surfaces
interproximal spaces
area where the crowns of adjacent teeth in the same arch physically touch on each proximal surface
contact area
the greatest elevation of the tooth either incisocervically or occlusocervically on a specific surface of the crown
height of contour, or crest of curvature
a triangular shaped space between two teeth created by the sloping away of the mesial and distal surfaces and may diverge facially, lingually, occlusally or apically with loss of tissue
embrasures
The proximal CEJ curvature is greatest on the___________ and least on the___________teeth
anterior
posterior
a________is formed by the junction of two crown surfaces
line angle
the junction of three crown surfaces, and another way to determine a specific area on a crown
point angle
Give two examples of line angles
mesiolabial
mesiobuccal
distobuccal
distolingual
mesiolingual
disto-occlusal
mesio-occlusal
bucco-occlusal
linguo-occlusal
distolabial
mesiolingual
distolingual
labioincisal
linguoincisal
Give 2 examples of point angles
mesiolabioincisal
mesiolabio-occlusal
Name the crown thirds horizontally
cervical
middle
incisal/occlusal
name the crown thirds vertically
mesial
middle
distal
name the root thirds
apical
middle
cervical
what is the accepted sequencing of combining names of tooth surfaces?
mesial precedes distal
mesial and distal precede ALL other terms
labial, buccal, and lingual follow mesial or distal, but precede incisal or occlusal in any combination
