Bio Final

Transformation

The incorporation of genetic material into a cell thereby changing its pheneotype.

They found out that DNA was being past from generation to generation not protien by using bacterophage.

Double staranded DNA is replicated by first seperating the double stranded DNA.

DNA polymerase.

5'---->3'(5 prime to 3 prime).

Carbons on the pentose sugar.

They have oppisite 5'--->3' direction.

• DNA double helix
• Central Dogma of biology
• Wobble

• It is a very generalized explanation of gene expression(DNA-->RNA-------->Polypeptide).
• No(not an absolute rule).

Yes(RNA viruses).

• Transciption is the synthisis of RNA from a DNA template
• Translation is using messanger RNA as the source for the genetic code or the instruction to produce polypeptide

• NO
• Coupled transcription and translation(prokaryotes)
• Transcription happens in the nucleus and translation begins in the cytosol(eukaryotes).

• Initiation (bring everything together that it needs).
• Elongation(RNA polymerase is going to add the RNA nucleotide to the transcription).
• Termination(stops transcription).

Small protien that are neccassay for the binding of the RNA polymerase to the promoter.

• The nuclaic acid RNA.
• Triplet code or nucleotide triplets.

• Messanger RNA nucleotide triplets.
• They specify for amino acid.

• Unambiguity(clear, or certain)each codon is specific for only one amino acid.
• Redundancy, theres more then one possible codon for those amino acids.

• Start codons say start translating, they specify for an amino acid.
• Stop codons dont specify for an amino acid they just say stop translating.

It is how the messanger RNA is going to be divided into codons.

Type of nuclaic acid in which the genetic code is defined , contains the instructions for polypeptide.

Transfers amino acids from cytosol and brings them to site of translation.

For each tRNA it contains only one nucleotide triplet.

The relaxation of those bas pairing rules, your not getting strict base paring(redundancy).

5'--->3'(5 prime to 3 prime).

It catalises the reaction that adds an amino acid to a tRNA.

• Different from other tRNA.
• Binds to start codon.
• Its the only RNA that comes in during the initiating phase of translation.

• First step you add 5' cap to the the 5' end?
• Second step you cut out introns(no coding region)then splice together exons(exspressable portion of gene or mRNA sequence).

A multiable number of ribosomes attached to an mRNA during translation

A particular type of a RNA virus which is an exception to central dogma, and the preform reverse transcription.

• RNA to produce DNA
• Which requires the enzyme reverse transciptase.

• Inside a host cells genome
• which is viral DNA

Heritable changes in the genetic code.

• Spontaneous, mutation that is a biological error.
• Induced mutation, means it was exsposed to something like a chemical or radiation.
• Frameshift, change in the reading frame
• substition(synonymous no change)(Nonsynonymous did involve a change.
• Nonsense, a premature stop codon
• Missence, going to end up with a different amino acid.

Different ideas of what a species is.

They independently came up with the concept of natural selection.

The mechinism of evolution proposed by Darwin.

Selection by humans of traits that are desirable in plants and animals.

Interaction between evolution and genetics within a population.

• Fossil evidence.
• Comparitive and developemental anatomy.
• Bio geography.

Fossil restricted to a narrow period of geologic time and found in the same sedimentary layers in different geographic areas.

Radioactive isotopes.

The amount of time it takes for half the sample to decay from the parential isotopes to the duaghter isotopes.

• Homology indicate evolutionary relationships.
• Homoplasy adatation features.

• Continental Drift
• Therory of the super continent Pangea

• No
• Plate tectonics is an updated version of Wegeners continental drift theory.

Study of evolution whithin population, how population require genetic changes and variation.

All the genetic materail within a population.

Evolutionary changes whithin a species.

• Allele frequencys do not change from generation to generation in a large population.
• If its not evolving its IN Hardy Wienberg.

• Random mating
• Large population
• No mutations
• No migrations

They both talk about evolution and the change in allele frequency.

Mating between closely related individuals(violates Hardy Wienberg).

The phenomemom in which inbred offspring of genetically similiar individuals have a lower fitness.

Sexual reproduction in which individuals pair nonrandomly- select mate based on phenotype(violates Hardy Wienberg).

• At first little or no effect.
• Only if mutation persists in a population does it affect it.

• Some sort of random fluctuation in allele frequency.
• Bottleneck, starts with a large population and the bulk of the population dies off.
• Founder effect, individuals leave a large population and start new population so there allele frequancy will be different from the population they left, eventually.

By changing the allele and genotype frequency from the original population.