bio final review

2 alleles for a given gene will separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes

One pair of alleles segregates independently of another pair of alleles during gamete formation

really close on chromosome, inherited together

when crossing over happens, genes recombine

fruit fly experiments by Thomas Hunt Morgan

used S. pneumoniae and mice to show that bacteria can be transformed

used bacteriophages to show that DNA is genetic material.

X-ray diffraction images of DNA

deduced the structure of DNA was a double helix

no evolution; created classification system of taxonomy

inheritance of acquired traits

evolution from a common ancestor; competition and sexual selection responsible for species change

believed that resources can only support a limited population

natural theory of struggle among species

proposed same evolutionary theory that Darwin did

created Scala Natura; believed hierarchy of organisms was fixed

Gradualism (changes occur slowly in gradual steps)

Catastrophism (affected in the past by short-lived, violent events, possibly world-wide)

• 1. infinite population
• 2. no gene flow (or migration)
• 3. random mating
• 4. no natural selection
• 5. no mutation

• mutation
• sexual recombination

• gene flow
• natural selection
• genetic drift

• balancing selection
• diploidy

• directional
• stabilizing
• disruptive
• sexual

• allopatric
• sympatric

changes in rate and timing of developmental events

changes in relative growth rates of different body parts

control body plans and the developmental face of cells

determine the position of morphological structures during development

characters that evolved for purposes other than those they are used for

similarities due to convergent evolution

species least closely related to the rest in a phylogenetic tree

phylogenetic tree based on how DNA changes over time

used to compare sequences between species to determine ancestry

used to compare sequences within a species to trace evolution of species

• 1. habitat loss
• 2. introduced/invasive species
• 3. overexploitation

• 1. abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
• 2. small molecules joined together into macromolecules
• 3. molecules packed into protobionts
• 4. self-replicating molecules originate

4.6 bya

3.5 bya

2.7 bya

2.1 bya

700 mya

530 mya

460 mya

250 mya

180 mya

65 mya

maintains cell shape, provides physical protection, prevents cell from bursting

movement towards or away from a stimulus

• rings of self-replicating DNA that carry special functions
• 2 types: R (antibiotic resistance) and F (sex)

uptake of foreign DNA from surroundings

bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another

genetic material is transferred b/w 2 bacterial cells that are temporarily joined

specialized Anabena cells that carry out nitrogen fixation

• it's a retrovirus
• reverse transcriptase
• can transform RNA to DNA

• nematodes: RNA
• sea urchin: cyclin (the protein regulating cell cycling, cancer)
• jellyfish: GFP
• seashells: pain/addiction

• 1. make a linkage map
• 2. make a physical map
• 3. DNA sequencing

• 1. cut up a genome into overlapping fragments
• 2. DNA sequencing
• 3. order the sequences

excavates

ciliates

archaeplastids

mycetozoans

stramenopiles

kinetoplastids

stramenopiles

rhizarians

• 1. alternations of generations
• 2. walled spores produced in sporangium
• 3. multicellular gametangia
• 4. apical meristems

• 1. transport
• 2. enzyme activity
• 3. signal transduction
• 4. cell recognition
• 5. intracelular joining
• 6. attachment to other surfaces

mesoderm