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What basic functions does the urinary system serve?
Eliminate toxins, excess ions, organic wastes, & excess water.
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What are the other functions of the urinary system?
Regulate the volume & chemical makeup of blood, regulate blood pressure/volume (erythropoietin & renin), regulate blood pH, conservation of nutrients, synthesizing calcitriol, & homeostasis (maintain solute concentration).
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Name the four components of the urinary system.
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & uretha.
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Where does urine production occur?
At the nephrons in the cortex of each renal lobe.
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What forms the renal pelvis?
The combining of major calyces.
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Where is the cortex of the kidney?
The outer layer
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Each kidney receives blood from where?
The renal artery.
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Where does the renal artery originate?
Along the lateral surface of the abdominal aorta near the level of the superior mesenteric artery.
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What does the renal artery branch into as it enters the renal sinus?
The segmental arteries.
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What do segmental arteries further divide into?
A series of interlobar arteries.
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Where do the segmental arteries radiate?
Outwards, penetrating the fibrous capsule & extending through the renal columns between the renal pyramids into the cortex.
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What vessels do the interlobar arteries supply blood to?
Arcuate arteries
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Where are the arcuate arteries located?
The boundary between the cortex & medulla of the kidneys.
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What does each arcuate artery give rise to?
A number of cortical radiate arteries.
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What vessel branches from the cortical radiate arteries?
Numerous afferent arterioles.
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Cortical radiate arteries supply blood to which portions of the kidneys?
The adjacent renal lobe.
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What vessels supplies blood to the individual nephrons?
Afferent arterioles.
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From the nephrons, blood enters a network of venules & small veins that converge on what vessels?
Interlobular veins.
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What is the basic structual & functional unit of the kidneys?
The nephron.
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What function of the arterioles contribute to the regulation of urine production?
Changes in diameter.
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What is the renal tubule?
A long tubular passageway.
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Where does the renal tubule begin?
At the renal corpuscle.
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What does the renal corpuscle contain?
The glomerulus.
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What vessels carry blood to the glomerulus?
Afferent arterioles.
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How does blood depart the glomerulus?
Throught the efferent arterioles.
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From the renal corpuscle filtrate enters a long tubular passageway that is subdivided into what?
(PCT) Proximal convoluted tubule, the nephron loop (loop of henle), & the (DCT) distal convoluted tubule.
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What structure contains the glomerulus?
The renal corpuscle.
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Where are the coritcal nephrons located?
Almost entirely within the superficial cortex of the kidney.
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There are how many cortical nephrons?
Roughly 85%
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What are the nephrons located closer to the medulla called?
Juxtamedullary nephrons.
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Name the vessel that deliver blood to the peritubular capillaries.
The efferent arteriole.
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Which nephrons create conditions necessary for the production of concentrated urine?
Juxtamedullary nephrons.
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There are how many juxtamedullary nephrons?
15%
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What is the glomerulus?
A capillary network which consists of 50 intertwining capillaries.
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Where do the peritubular capillaries drain?
Into small venules that carry blood to the interlobular veins.
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What happens in the nephron?
Filtration, reabsorption & secretion.
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What is another name for the glomerular capsule?
Bowman's capsule.
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Capillaries in the glomerulus are what?
Fenestrated.
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Afferent arterioles differ from efferent arterioles in what way?
Afferent arterioles have a larger diameter.
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Name the three barriers within the glomerulus.
Capillary endothelium (fenestrated), basal lamina, & podocytes.
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Where does reabsorption occur?
Within the renal tubule.
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What area of the renal tubule contains microvilli?
(PCT) Proximal convoluted tubule.
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The loop of henle (nephron loop) is distinguished by what two areas?
Descending & ascending.
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What is the vasa recta?
Extended capillary bed.
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Where is the vasa recta located?
In the ascending portion of the loop of henle.
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What area of the renal tubule lacks microvilli?
(DCT) Distal convoluted tubule.
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Where does the distal convoluted tubule open into?
The collecting duct.
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Where is urine transported, stored & elimnated from?
Transported to ureters, stored in the bladder & eliminated from the uretha.
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