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Cause of movement of gas from one point to another?
partial pressure difference
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diffusion rate?
PSA/d(mx^1/2)
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pO2 of alveolar and pulmonary arterial blood and blood leaving the aorta
104 and 40 and 95
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Two reasons for increase in oxygen diffusion capacity during exercise?
- increase in open pulmonary capillaries, more ideal retaliation perfusion ratio
- blood is fully oxygenated about 1/3 of the way through the capillary
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ejection volume of rt ventricle to lt
- left ejects 2-3% more volume due to addition of bronchial circulation
- shunt flow
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an increase in blood flow through a tissue will increase the tissues pO2
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beriberi?
vita B deficiency that affects cell oxygen utilization
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cyanide poisoning?
disables cytochrome oxidase activity, cell can not utilize oxygen
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what two factors determine tissue pO2?
delivery and use of oxygen
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pCO2 intracellular, interstitial, arterial blood, venous blood
46, 45, 40, 45
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End effect of an increase in tissue metabolism on interstitial pCO2
increase
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as pO2 rises so does the saturation of Hb
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amount of oxygen 1g of Hb can combine with?
1.34 ml
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volume percent?
amount of O2 (ml) in 100ml of blood
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under normal conditions how much oxygen is delivered to the tissues per 100 ml of blood?
5ml, can increase to 15ml during heavy exercise
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What factors cause muscle pO2 to stay constantly at 40mmHg during exercise
- increase in cardiac output
- decrease in affinity for Hb, raise in temp CO2, 2.3DPG and decrease in pH
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utilization coefficient?
percentage of blood that gives up its oxygen as it passes through the capillaries
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as oxygen is delivered to the tissue Hb releases more oxygen into the blood
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chronic hypoxic condition increase what?
2,3, DPG (poor tissue blood flow)
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What is the main limiting factor what blood pO2 is greater then one for tissue metabolism?
ADP
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effects of oxygen poisoning?
brain convolutions and death
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What binds to the same site on Hb and oxygen but with a high affinity?
CO, partial pressure of 0.4 will allow CO to equally compete with O2 for binding to Hb. 0.6 is lethal
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In CO poisoning what is the affect on blood pO2?
- normal, no obvious signs of hypoxia
- since pO2 is not depressed there is no low O2 feedback mechanism to increase respiration
- can treat with pure oxygen and CO2 in the blood to increase breathing
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amount of CO2 transported from the tissues to the lungs in the blood per 100ml blood
4ml
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Chloride shift
- CO2 is higher in the venous blood causing an increase in production of H2CO3, this then dissociates and the H is buffered by Hb and the bicarb is exchanged for Cl. The chloride content of venous blood is less then arterial blood
- Water moves into the cell to maintain the osmotic equilibrium and causes the cell to swell.
- acetazolamide
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, can cause tissue pCO2 to reach 80
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what is carbaminohemaglobin?
- CO2 bound to the terminal amine group of Hb
- pKa is around 7 so 50% is available at blood pH
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volume percent change for CO2
52in venous blood to 48 in arterial, 4ml/100ml blood
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What is the Haldane effect?
- the binding of oxygen to Hb displaces CO2 from the blood in the lungs
- The combination of oxygen with Hb causes Hb to become a stronger acid
- The more acidic Hb has less affinity for CO2 at the terminal amine group
- The increased acidity of Hb causes it to release more H that in turn bind with bicarb and form water and CO2, the CO2 is released from the lungs
- This effect doubles the amount of CO2 released from the blood in the lungs and double the amount picked up in the tissues. from 2ml to 4ml.
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Normal pH of arterial and venous blood?
7.41 and 7.37
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Respiratory exchange ratio?
- volume percent of CO2 over the volume percent of O2
- Usually in the range of 82 %
- using mainly carbohydrates for metabolism increases
- using fates for metabolism decreases
- Decreases in the fasting and starved states
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