Cell reproduction

Matching pair of genes

Mismatched pair of genes

One member of a pair or series that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome.

One in which parentals differ in two traits

The genetic makeup of an organisim with reference to trait

The set of observable charicteristics of an organisim, or of the total of it's heritable traits

states that pairs of genes segregate during gamete formation such that fusion of gametes during fertilization pairs genes in a zygote.

States that each pair of alleles segregate independantly during gamete formation

A method of asexual reproduction that involves the splitting of a parent cell into two approximately equal parts.

A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a specific protein.

Where a specific gene is located on a chromosome

23. 22 are autosomes and 1 is sexual

Having the same number of allels or genes in the same order of arrangment

relating to the body, the Soma

Any chromosomes other than a sex chromosome

A specialized structure on the chromosome, appearing during cell division at the restricted central region where the two chromotids are held together and form an x shape

organism or cell that has two copies of every type of chromosome. Humans are diploid. Designated as 2N (2=number of copies, N=number of types) they devid by mitosos.

A cell that has only one copy of every type of chromosome. Designated as N. Haploid cell are gametes and devide by meiosis.

Mature sexual reproductive cell that unites with another cell to form a new organisim

A process that takes in the nucleus of a dividing cell that results in the formation of a new nucleus, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

the cellular process that results in the number of chromosomes in gamete producing cells to be reduced to one half, and that involves a reduction division in which one of each pair of homoglous chromosomes passes to each daughter cell.

The sequence of events from one cell division to the next

• G1 or Gap 1 phase- where the cell increases it's supply of protein and organelles.
• Synthsis phase- where each linear chromosome is replicated.
• G2 or Gap 2 phase- cell increases protein and in animal cells, the centrioles appear.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase

Strands of DNA condense to form chromosomes which migrate to the poles of the cell and the nuclear envelope disappears. This cell is 2N.

Individual chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell. The spindle forms and spindle fibers become attached to the centromeres of each chromosome. This cell is 2N.

The spindle fibers contract pullling the centromere and chromosome in half, and daughter chromosomes migrate to the poles of the cell. This cell is 4N.

A cleavage furrow forms and the cell splits into halves. Chromosomes uncoil and the nuclear envelope reforms. Each cell daughter is 2N.

Reductional division, in which a single cell gives rise to two geneticly unique haploid cells.

Equational Division. The number of chromosomes in each daughter does not change.

the expermiental cross of an individual organisim of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive genotype (and phenotype).

Bacteria, alge, mushrooms and ferns.

The failure of chromosomes to seperate properly during the Anaphase which can cause disease such as Down's Syndrome.

The sequence of nucleatides in DNA and RNA that determine the specific amino acid sequence in the synthesis of proteins.

A series of three adjacent bases in one polynucleotide chain of a DNA or RNA molecule, which codes for a specific amino acid.

Any of several threadlike bodies, consisting of chromatin, that carry the genes in a linear order.

Any of various compounds consisting of a nucleoside combined with a phosphate group and forming the basic constituent of DNA and RNA.

Adenine binds to thymine with 2 hydrogen bonds, and cytosine binds to guanine with 3 hydrogen bonds. In RNA thymine is replaced with uracil. A and G are purines, whereas C, T and U are pyrimidines.

The phase in which cells divide.

• G1 phase: The cell collects protein and increases it's organelles.
• S phase: Linear chromosome is replicated.
• G2 phase: Increases protein preparing to replicate.

M phase

The period in which the cell is dormant.

Muscle and nerve cells.

Skin

Mitosis is used to repair and replace cells that wear out or die.

Replicated have a matched pair of chromosomes. Homologous have an unmatched pair.

The cell becomes an N4 until it divides and becomes two N2s.

It depends. If it starts out as haploid, then yes. If it started as diploid it would be N4.

It is for reproduction using gamete cells.

Prophase is where DNA condenses and forms chromosomes. But the big difference is when chromosomes form chiasmata to trade bits of DNA so that what results is an individual, different than the parent cell. Metaphase Cells line the equator, The spindle forms and attaches to chromasomes. Anaphase: The spindle pull apart the chromosomes where they migrate to the poles. Telophase: The cell splits, the nuclear envelope reappears and chromosomes unwind.

The number of chromosomes, so that it will be able to unite with a gamete for sexual reproduction.

The trading of genetic material. It happens in prophase.

Random combining of chromosomes when two gametes join. Gregor Mendel. The metaphase.

Prophase: Strands of DNA form replicated chromosomes. They migrate to the poles while the nuclear envelope disappears. Metaphase Cell lines up along the equator and spindles appear and attach to the chromosomes. Anaphase Spindle fiber pulls the chromosomes apart and they migrate to the poles of the cell. Telophase: The cell divides and the chromosomes uncoil while the nuclear envelope reforms.

• A cellular structure that acts as
• an organizing center for the assembly of microtubules.

• As the centrosomes move apart, they begin sprouting microtubules in all directions. One variety of them forms a football-shaped cage around the nuclear material, while a second variety attaches to the chromosomes themselves. Taken
• together these are the microtubules active in cell division.

The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane following the division of the nucleus resulting into two cells, each having its own nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane.