psych

Germinal (first 2 weeks) embryonic (2 weeks to 2 months) and fetal stages (2 months to birth(

research indicates that most behavioral qualities are influenced jointly by heredity and environment, which play off of each other

basic sound units

smallest units of meaning

specify how words can be combined into sentences

Chimps are capable of some very basic language acquisition, but there is no comparison between the linguistic abilities of humans and other animals.

an organism is conditioned by watching a model's conditioning

Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

violent tv shows, movies, and video games contribute to increased aggression among children and adults

occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to emit that response

intermittent schedules of reinforcement: fixed-ratio, variable ration, fixed interval, and variable interval schedules.

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of a conditioned stimulus

involves conditioned consequences that lead to a decline in response strength

a neutral stimulus can acquire the capacity to elicit a response originally elicited by another stimulus

a conditioned response is weakened and extinguished when the CS is no longer paired with the U.S.

occurs and an extinguished response later reappears after a period of nonexposure to the CS.

response to an object generalized to a variety of other objects that are similiar to the original object

not responding to stimuli that resemble the original CS.

voluntary responses that are governed by their consequences

when a conditioned stimulus acts as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

refers to a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

refers to the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

• a series of nested environments
• -microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem

immediate environment with which a child directly interacts

the connections that exist among microsystems

social settings a child is not a part of, but that still affect him/her

the general cultural context for all the other systems

changes in species are made not only by "survival of the fittest but also by active choices

have to run as fast as you can in order to stay in the same place

complete instructions for making an organism

things that can harm the fetus. i.e. alcohol, smoking

a change/loss in the strength of a response due to repetition

• amount of NT's made can be changed, amount of receptors can be changed
• "up regulation"-increases receptors
• "down regulation"-decreases receptors

the process of making certain pathways work more readily than they did before

increases the likelihood that a single neuron can cause an action potential

does not require reinforcements or punishments, just experience

basic idea is that the brain has evolved a structure to help us learn and extract the grammatical rules of language

"melody" of spoken language

automatic responses that ensure it ability to breathe, find food, and withdraw from painful stimuli

touch cheek and baby turns head to suck

drop baby and arms fling out and grab

touch palm, baby grabs

fingernail from heel to toe, baby splays toes outward

we look at others to learn about how we should act when we are unsure

sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal

objects exist even when out of view

underlying properties (such as mass, number, volume) remain the same despite changes

4 checkers on top and bottom, bottom checkers spread out, child says more checkers on the bottom

same water in 2 glasses, one tall one short, child says more water in tall glass

1 chocolate split into 2, child says 2 pieces of chocolate is more

inability to take another person's view

being able to only consider one dimension at a time

foreclosure, moratorium, identity diffusion, and identity achievement

brain stem, limbic system, cortex

regulates basic body functions

emotion center

complex thought

build brand awareness, build brand preference, product purchase/use, build brand loyalty

attention, memory, attitudes, motivation, behavior

many things that influence us are not at a conscious level

the most effective influence is when you don't know it's effecting you

authority principle, identification principle, contrast principle, humor

follow authority principle

talk/act like person we like

compare and contrast things we might not want to

chronic high anxiety, phobic disorders, panic disorder

sudden memory loss that is too extensive

lose sense of identity

coexistence of two or more very different personalities

psychoanalysis, behavior, humanistic, cognitive

psychological problems are often the result of repressed conflicts

bring these problems to the conscious mind where they can be examined and resolved

people are on a journey of self-fulfillment, and problems are the result of current difficulties on that path

help clients explore their feelings and accept responsibility for their actions, thereby helping them become more self-fulfilled

the problem behaviors are the problems, not the manifestation of some unacknowledged or unconscious conflict

change the behavior, problem gone

create an anxiety hierarchy from lowest to highest,learn a relaxation response, progressive association of each hierarchy item with relaxation

our patterns of thought can change how we feel and behave

change the thought patters change the feelings and behaviors

people who tend to conceal negative info about themselves are more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety