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receiving help (urban vs non urban)
- urban
- more people = less responsibility on one person
- assume someone else will do it
- nonurban
- more likely to get help
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mental steps people go through when witnessing emergency
- 1.notice the victim or emergency situation
- 2.interpret the situation as an emergency
- 3.assume responsibility to help
- 4.know to help
- 5.decide to intervene
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If you to get others to help you...
- reduce ambiguity ex I think I'm having a heart attack
- tell bystander what you need ex call police
- reduce diffusion of responsibility ex you in red help me
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Darley and Latane Smoke Filled Room Study
- had people fill out survey either alone, with two others, or with two confederates
- experimenter is gone and secretary is in the next room
- smoke comes out of the vents
- Results
- if alone, 75% reported
- group of 3, 38% reported
- group of 3 with two confederates, 10% reported
- pluralistic ignorance occurred
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Darley and Batson Jerusalem to Jericho Study
- future ministers were told to give a speech
- condition 1 was told they were late
- condition 2 was told they were on time
- on the way to give the speech they saw a person coughing/laying down
- over half of condition 2 people stopped and helped
- only 10% of condition 1 helped
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Field Experiment
experiments done in the real world
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Pluralistic Ignorance
look to others to interpret the situation
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Diffusion of Responsibility
bystanders assume someone else already called the police/ someone else will help
-
universal egoism vs altruism
- is helping ever truly unselfish?
- altruism is when you have unselfish concern for others welfare
- egoism is when you help someone to make yourself look better
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Assumptions about the existence of unselfish altruism
- the predominant assumption is that everything humans do is to benefit themselves (universal egoism)
- Now, true altruism does exist and is part of human nature
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Social Norms Explanation for Helping
- we learn to help
- we learn to feel responsible for the welfare of others
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Social Evolution explanation for Helping
- altruism is adaptive
- promotes survival and reproduction
- unselfishness is just as natural as selfishness
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Reciprocity in Helping
- helping in order to receive future help
- no specific or immediate benefits are expected
- if large imbalance, helper may quit helping because they feel dissatisfied
- ex- watching neighbors dog when they travel
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Negative State Relief
- someone's in a negative state because they saw someone harmed or harmed someone
- they are more likely to help and relieve their state by receiving praise for what they did
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Aversive Arousal Reduction Explanation
- evoked by seeing another in need
- escape distressing situation
- escape discrepant situation
- escape unjust situation
- its upsetting to see someone else suffer and people prefer not to be upset
- to reduce you can help or look away
- 1.help/run away
- 2.cognitive inconsistency/motivation so help or change perception
- 3.help or derogate/blame victim if victim is unworthy, suffering is more just/less upsetting
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Empathy
- more empathy = more likely to help
- use of empathy induced altruism has improved racial attitudes, as well as attitudes toward people with AIDS, homeless people, and even convicted murderers and drug dealers
-
altruism
- helping others not necessarily in an emergency
- unselfish concern for the welfare of others
-
egoism/universal egoism
the belief that helping is to benefit ourselves
-
kin altruism
- more likely to sacrifice to help kin
- social evolution theories motive is perpetuating own genes
- closer relatives share more genes
- you are your genes?
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BJW
believe that the world is just and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get
-
Aversive Arousal
its upsetting to see someone in need so you try to get rid of your feeling
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Personal Distress / Vicarious Distress
if someone else is hurt, you feel their pain
-
empathy
feeling what someone else is feeling
-
universalism values in intergroup altruism
- stronger = more likely to engage in intergroup altruism
- feel more responsible for the fate of all fellow human beings
- see more similarities with others
- feel own fate linked to others fate
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Approach to religious beliefs with intergroup altruism
view religious teachings as emphasizing common humanity of all people = more likely to be in intergroup altruism
-
self efficacy
- higher self efficacy = intergroup altruism
- believe their own actions can make a difference
- feel they shape events in general and have control over their own lives
-
emotional empathy
- if feel wide range emotional empathy, more intergroup altruism
- general personality trait developed in childhood
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extensitivity vs constrictedness
higher in extensitivity and lower in constrictedness - more intergroup altruism
-
parenting style in childhood
- more intergroup altruism if had parents who used warm, authoritative style, promotes empathy / non prejudice
- unlikely to have parents who emphasized obedience, used physical punishments
- likely to have parents who emphasized values apply to all
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Rescuers
- important to study rescuers because this informs us that individuals are not entirely powerless
- we want to understand their power to resist the forces around them
-
intergroup altruism
- helping others in an outgroup
- often at great cost to onself
-
rescuers
people who help members of outgroup
-
nonrescuers
actives: people who were either members of resistance groups / helped jews / both but had no external evidence identified by self reports
bystanders: said they did nothing out of the ordinary during the war to help others or resist nazis
-
self efficacy
helping yourself
-
authoritarian parenting style
- more likely to produce non rescuer
- emphasize complete obedience
- use frequent physical punishments or discipline with no reasoning
-
authoritative parenting style
- warm explanations
- produces rescuers and intergroup altruism
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effects of praise on liking
- in general like the person who praises us
- if praise is too lavish or seems unwarranted, its not liked
-
effects of giving and receiving favors on liking
- we like people who do us favors
- favors can be considered rewards and wetend to like people who provide us with this kind of reward
- we don't like people who's favors have strings attached
- if you give favor you will make yourself like them because you did work
-
Perceived competence affects liking
- the most competent is not most liked because you feel uncomfortable by them
- if they make mistake, they seem more human and are liked more
- JFK
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agreement and similarity on liking
- like people that agree and think similarly on important issues
- social confirmation that you are right
-
insecurity on liking
lower self esteem makes you like the person who likes you more
-
Initiating Discussion of a Problem
- dissatisfied couples:
- accusation
- you statement
- Satisfied couples:
- I statement
- statement of feelings
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When are problems brought up?
- Dissatisfied:
- after delay
- more frustrated
- anger feelings fester
- harder to solve
- Satisfied:
- soon after it occurs
- next good time for discussion
- fix right away
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Number of Problems Discussed at a Time
- dissatisfied:
- arguments focused on many topics
- list of post wrongs
- cross complaining
- kitchen sinking
- satisfied:
- focused on one topic at a time
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Attributions for Partners Behavior
- dissatisfied:
- positive behavior = situation
- negative behavior=disposition
- negative spiral =caused by dissatisfaction
- leads to more dissatisfaction
- satisfied:
- positive behavior= disposition
- negative behavior =situation
- positive spiral = caused my satisfaction
- leads to more satisfaction
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proposed solutions to a problem / how conflict ends
- dissatisfied:
- end without resolution
- vague resolution
- satisfied:
- concrete specific resolution
-
Pratfall Effect
although a high degree of competence does make us appear more attractive, some evidence of fallibility increases our attractiveness still further
-
Authenticity
being true to self and others
-
Straight Talk
a persons clear statement of his or her feelings or concerns without accusing, blaming, judging, or ridiculing
-
You statement
- accusations that put blame on other
- ineffective
-
Kitchen Sinking
- piling it all on
- arguing about everything but the actual issue
-
Cross Complaining
come back with accusation or different problem that is unrelated to confrontation
-
Self Summarizing
- a person keeps summarizing what he or she says
- not communicative
- repititious, ignores the other person
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