social final

• urban
• more people = less responsibility on one person
• assume someone else will do it
• nonurban
• more likely to get help

• 1.notice the victim or emergency situation
• 2.interpret the situation as an emergency
• 3.assume responsibility to help
• 4.know to help
• 5.decide to intervene

• reduce ambiguity ex I think I'm having a heart attack
• tell bystander what you need ex call police
• reduce diffusion of responsibility ex you in red help me

• had people fill out survey either alone, with two others, or with two confederates
• experimenter is gone and secretary is in the next room
• smoke comes out of the vents
• Results
• if alone, 75% reported
• group of 3, 38% reported
• group of 3 with two confederates, 10% reported
• pluralistic ignorance occurred

• future ministers were told to give a speech
• condition 1 was told they were late
• condition 2 was told they were on time
• on the way to give the speech they saw a person coughing/laying down
• over half of condition 2 people stopped and helped
• only 10% of condition 1 helped

experiments done in the real world

look to others to interpret the situation

bystanders assume someone else already called the police/ someone else will help

• is helping ever truly unselfish?
• altruism is when you have unselfish concern for others welfare
• egoism is when you help someone to make yourself look better

• the predominant assumption is that everything humans do is to benefit themselves (universal egoism)
• Now, true altruism does exist and is part of human nature

• we learn to help
• we learn to feel responsible for the welfare of others

• altruism is adaptive
• promotes survival and reproduction
• unselfishness is just as natural as selfishness

• helping in order to receive future help
• no specific or immediate benefits are expected
• if large imbalance, helper may quit helping because they feel dissatisfied
• ex- watching neighbors dog when they travel

• someone's in a negative state because they saw someone harmed or harmed someone
• they are more likely to help and relieve their state by receiving praise for what they did

• evoked by seeing another in need
• escape distressing situation
• escape discrepant situation
• escape unjust situation
• its upsetting to see someone else suffer and people prefer not to be upset
• to reduce you can help or look away
• 1.help/run away
• 2.cognitive inconsistency/motivation so help or change perception
• 3.help or derogate/blame victim if victim is unworthy, suffering is more just/less upsetting

• more empathy = more likely to help
• use of empathy induced altruism has improved racial attitudes, as well as attitudes toward people with AIDS, homeless people, and even convicted murderers and drug dealers

• helping others not necessarily in an emergency
• unselfish concern for the welfare of others

the belief that helping is to benefit ourselves

• more likely to sacrifice to help kin
• social evolution theories motive is perpetuating own genes
• closer relatives share more genes
• you are your genes?

believe that the world is just and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

its upsetting to see someone in need so you try to get rid of your feeling

if someone else is hurt, you feel their pain

feeling what someone else is feeling

• stronger = more likely to engage in intergroup altruism
• feel more responsible for the fate of all fellow human beings
• see more similarities with others
• feel own fate linked to others fate

view religious teachings as emphasizing common humanity of all people = more likely to be in intergroup altruism

• higher self efficacy = intergroup altruism
• believe their own actions can make a difference
• feel they shape events in general and have control over their own lives

• if feel wide range emotional empathy, more intergroup altruism
• general personality trait developed in childhood

higher in extensitivity and lower in constrictedness - more intergroup altruism

• more intergroup altruism if had parents who used warm, authoritative style, promotes empathy / non prejudice
• unlikely to have parents who emphasized obedience, used physical punishments
• likely to have parents who emphasized values apply to all

• important to study rescuers because this informs us that individuals are not entirely powerless
• we want to understand their power to resist the forces around them

• helping others in an outgroup
• often at great cost to onself

people who help members of outgroup

actives: people who were either members of resistance groups / helped jews / both but had no external evidence identified by self reports

bystanders: said they did nothing out of the ordinary during the war to help others or resist nazis

helping yourself

• more likely to produce non rescuer
• emphasize complete obedience
• use frequent physical punishments or discipline with no reasoning

• warm explanations
• produces rescuers and intergroup altruism

• in general like the person who praises us
• if praise is too lavish or seems unwarranted, its not liked

• we like people who do us favors
• favors can be considered rewards and wetend to like people who provide us with this kind of reward
• we don't like people who's favors have strings attached
• if you give favor you will make yourself like them because you did work

• the most competent is not most liked because you feel uncomfortable by them
• if they make mistake, they seem more human and are liked more
• JFK

• like people that agree and think similarly on important issues
• social confirmation that you are right

lower self esteem makes you like the person who likes you more

• dissatisfied couples:
• accusation
• you statement

• Satisfied couples:
• I statement
• statement of feelings

• Dissatisfied:
• after delay
• more frustrated
• anger feelings fester
• harder to solve

• Satisfied:
• soon after it occurs
• next good time for discussion
• fix right away

• dissatisfied:
• arguments focused on many topics
• list of post wrongs
• cross complaining
• kitchen sinking

• satisfied:
• focused on one topic at a time

• dissatisfied:
• positive behavior = situation
• negative behavior=disposition
• negative spiral =caused by dissatisfaction
• leads to more dissatisfaction

• satisfied:
• positive behavior= disposition
• negative behavior =situation
• positive spiral = caused my satisfaction
• leads to more satisfaction

• dissatisfied:
• end without resolution
• vague resolution

• satisfied:
• concrete specific resolution

although a high degree of competence does make us appear more attractive, some evidence of fallibility increases our attractiveness still further

being true to self and others

a persons clear statement of his or her feelings or concerns without accusing, blaming, judging, or ridiculing

• accusations that put blame on other
• ineffective

• piling it all on
• arguing about everything but the actual issue

come back with accusation or different problem that is unrelated to confrontation

• a person keeps summarizing what he or she says
• not communicative
• repititious, ignores the other person