unit 12 reproductive

• 1. production of gametes under direction of hormones
• 2. sex transports male and female gametes to a common meeting place
• 3. a zygote is produced by the fusion of a male and female gamete
• 4. birth occurs and the species continues.

glands and ducts for transport and nourishment of the gametes; external genitalia

the testes

it helps the testes maintain proper temperature.

3 degrees below core body temp. (37 degrees c)

it pulls the testes closer to the body when its cold. and in warmer temp. it relaxes and lets the testes down

serous membrane that lines the outside of the testis and the inside of the scrotum; reduces friction between the two

outter connective tissue layer of the testes which extends into the onterior of the testes as septa.

divides the testes into lobules

they produce sperm

• endocrine cells located between the seminiferous tubules.
• they secrete testosterone

the foreskin

enlarged tip at the end

lines the urethra

make up most of the mass of the penis

• where sperm mature and are stored;where they gain ability to swim and fertilize.
• sperm is ejaculated from here

tranports sperm during ejaculation to the ejaculatory duct

formed by the joining of the ductus deferens and seminal vesicle duct, transports sperm through the prostate gland and joins with the urethra

carries sperm from the ejaculatory duct to the outside of the body. male urethra is divided into 3 segments

• 1. prostatic urethra: 1st segment extends through the prostate gland
• 2. membranous urethra :short segment inside the urogenital diaphragm
• 3. spongy (penile) urethra: longest portion of the urethra extending through the penis

• testis
• epididymis
• ductus deferens
• ejaculatory duct
• urethra

contains the ductus defrens, testicular blood vessels, nerves; passes through the inguinal canal

• produces fluid thta conatains fructose, vitamin C and other nutrients to nourish sperm alos other nutrients to aid sperm viability
• produces fibrinogen that helps form a clot of semen in the vagina
• causes a slight alkalinity which helps to neutralize acids in the secretions from the prostate gland within the vagina

encircles the urethra just inferior to the bladder contains various enzymes that clot and liquefy ejaculated semen and substances to enhance sperm motility.

• acidic
• 20-30
• seminalplasmin
• antibiotic
• UTI's

pea sized glands that produce a thick alkaline mucus that lubricates the urethra for safe passage of sperm

sperm, and secretion fromthe seminal vesicles and the prostate gland

by the parasympathetic innercatin of the arteries and smooth muscles of the erectile tissues of the penis

by the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons which use the neurotransmitter nitric oxide

under sympathetic nervous control

2-5 ml containing 200-400 million sperm

the process of forming sperm

• 23
• chromosomes

tip of the head contains enzymes thst breakdown the mucus of the female tract and around the egg.

midpiece provides ATPto move the tail

the tail part which moves the sperm

by the hormones FSH and LH from the ant. pituatary gland and testosterone from the intersistial cells

released from the hypothalamus causes the ant. pit. to release LH and FSH

GnRH secreted in pulses at 60 to 90 min intervals stays constant this results in plasma levels of FSH and LH and testoterone stying within narrow range

secreted from Ant. Pit. causes testosterone secretion from cells in the testes

• secreted from Ant. Pit. it targets sustenacular cells
• in the presence of testoterone FSH promotes spermatogenesis

secreted by the intersistial cells of the testes stimulates spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

afftects the CNS libido and related behaviors

• stimulates metabolism
• establishes and mantains secondary sex characteristics
• levels remain constant until age 30 then begin to diminish

ductus deferens are cut ends are closed sperm can produce but cant exit body

• usually the result of a birth defect affects 2% of males
• deep inguinal ring gets enlarged allowing coils of intestine to enter the inguinal canal

• enlargment of the prostate;
• occurs in 50% of men at age 50.
• enlarged proatate constricts the urethra and makes urination difficult

2ndmost common cause of cancer in men a PSA is done to detect cancer

tumors are firm painless lumps usually curable if detected early by doing regualr exams

• produce eggs
• when egg is relased its a oocyte
• secrete inhibin which in invovled in feedback control of pituitary FSH production

also called oviducts

the site of fertilization

help guide the oocyte into the uterine tube

supports the growth and development of the embryo and fetus

consists of the body(major portion) the cervix (inferior portion that projects into the vagina)

perimetrium: outtermost layer composed of visceral peritoneum

myometrium: middle muscular layer that contracts and expels the baby during childbirth

endometrium: inner lining of the uterine cavity composed of stratum functionalis and stream basalis

the stratum functionalis is shed and the stratum basalis is not shed it produces more stratum functionalis

the inner lining of non permanent folds called rugae that allows it to be highly distensible

the vaginal orfice

• the external opening
• opening is partially covered by the hymen

organ that receives the penis and holds the spermatoza prior to passage into the uterus

serves as a passageway for the elimination of monthly menstrual fluids

it forms the inferior portion of the birth canal thtrough which the fetus passes during delivery

• ovary
• uterine tube
• uterus

the external genitalia

fatty rounded pad covering the pubic symphysis

outter lips that enclose the labia minora

2 inner lips which enclose the vestibule and clit

• contains erectile tissue like the penis
• covered by the hooded fold of the skin called the prepuce

• houses the external openings of hte urethra and vagina
• conatains a pair of vestibular glands which secrete a mucus into the vaginal orfice to facilitate sexual intercourse

15-25 lobes that have smaller lobules whicj have glandular alveoli that produce milk

alveolar glands pass the milk into the laciferous ducts which open to the outside at the nipple

milk accumulates during nursing in the lactiferous sinuses

• the entire process of producing the ova includes the chromosome reduction divisions of meosis
• takes many years to complete

• produced before birth
• remain "stalled" in meosis I for decades until puberty is reached and ovulation begins

is released at ovulation and stays arrested in the middle of meiosis II unless it is penetratred by a sperm within the uterine tube

after sperm penetration the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II and the egg is now technically a ovam

3polar bodies and one ovam

the menstrual cycle as it relates to the ovary

the rising FSH levels start it

• follicular phase
• ovulation
• luteal phase

• primordial follicles consist of an oocyte surrouded by supportive follicualar cells
• the start of the ovarian cycle 6-12 primordial follicles start to grow and mature one eventually released during ovualtion
• its controlled by follicle stimulating hormone

one secondary oocyte exits from one of the 2 ovaries and enters the uterine tube it is controlled by LH

following the ovulation the follicle that is left behind in the ovary it becomes the corpus lutenum

an endocrine gland that secretes estrogens and progesterones which prepare the uterus for implantation of an embryo

• it regualtes reproductive function and triggers the release of LH and FSH
• the GnRH pulse frequency and amplitude change throughout the course of the ovarian cycle

secreted from the developing follicular cells.

• effects:
• stimulate bone and muscle growth
• casue deposition of adipose tissue
• affect hair growth patterns
• affect CNS activity, sex related activities and drives
• maintain accessory reproductive glands and organs
• initiate growth and repair of the endomettrisl lining

• the completion of meiosis I by the primary oocyte
• the rupture of the follicular wall
• ovulation (34-38 hours after LH surge)
• corpus luteum formation
• progesterone secretion

secreted by the corpus luteum it stimulates the growth of the endometrial lining and also maintains it

• increase in the parasympathetic overflow to the pelvic nerves
• leads to engorgment of the erectile tissue od the clit
• increased secretion og the vestibular glands

clitorial erection increases receptor sensitivity to stim. causing the vestib. glands to lubricate the vaginal walls

45-55

shortage of primordial follicles

• reduction in the size of breasts and uterus
• thining of the vaginal epithelia
• osteoporsis
• hot flashes
• anxiety and depression
• increased risk of cardiovascular disease

5th common cause of death in women

pregnancies and oral contraceptives

• 4th most common cancerin women
• arises in the endometrium of the uterus
• bleeding frommthe vagina may bea symptom

90% of cases are caused by the human papilloma virus

2nd most common cause of cancer in women after linf cancer

occurs outside of the uterus usually in the tube often fatak to the woman if left untreated