a thickened muscle in the pylorus that prevents food from entering the duodenum is
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
* when bowel prolapses into distal bowel and is propelled in an antegrated fashion is known as
intussusception
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis occurs in all except
most commonly found in females
*other causes of vomiting in the infant include all except
appendicolith
maximum visualization of the stomach and pyloric canal may be seen when the transducer is
places trasversly in the RUQ with the patient in a right lateral decubitus position
which statement is incorrectregarding measurements of the hypertrophied pyloric canal
the pyloric wall thickness is 2.0 mm or greater
which statement about appendicitis is false
the appendix is anterior and lateral tot he psoas muscle
in patients with appendicitis, the outer diameter should measure at least
6mm
other findings that may indicate appendicitis include all except
the presence of Meckel's diverticulum
a pitfall in diagnosing appendicitis may be
enlarged lymph nodes
children with intussusception may present clinically with all except
tenderness over McBurnery's point
sonographic signs associated with bowel include all except
croissant
*the length of pediatric gallbladder should no exceed
the length of the kidney
*preparation for a biliary sonography exam of a 2year old child is
nothing by mouth for 4 hours
*an abdominal ultrasound may be ordered in the neonate when jaundice persists beyond
2weeks
*which of the following is most likely to lead to cirrhosis
biliary atresia
*the most common cause of prolonged neonate jaundice includes all except
hepatoblastoma
*biliary atresia
may not involve GB
may affect the intrahepatic ducts
may not affect the extrahepatic duct
*all of the above
*the most common type of choledochal cyst is
fusiform dilation of the CBD
the pylorus muscle connects the ____ with the duodenum
antrum of the stomach
*this is considered the infantile form of hepatocellular carcinoma
hepatoblastoma
*an overdistended stomach displaces the pylorus
posteriorly
*the most common acute abdominal disorder in early childhood is
intussusception
*in older children the common bile duct should not exceed
4mm
*the etiology of extrahepatic obstruction includes all except
hepatitis
this condition occurs when the fetus is stressed during a difficult delivery or during a hypoxia insult
adrenal hemorrhage
these structures lie ar the bases of the medullary pyramids and appear as echogenic structres
acruate atreries
this structure is thin in neonate with echogenicity similar or slightly greater than the normal liver
cortex
this condition is the most common cause of renal cystic diease in the neonate, multi cystic masses within the kidney may have contralateral ureteral pelvic junction abstruction
multicystic dysplastic kidney ( MDK )
*the most frequent malignant tumor in the neonate and infant is
Wilm's tumor
*VATER syndrome includes all except
rectal
conditions in the newborn associated with renal abnormalities includes all except
vomiting
this structure should not be mistaken for dilated calyces or cysts
medullary pyramids
the best way to demonstrated the dilated ureter at the ureteropelvic junstion is with a
coronal scan
conditions that may lead to adrenal hemorrhage include all except
hydronephrosis
if the ipsilateral renal is absent or ectopic in location the adreanal gland
remains in the renal fossa
which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding ectopic ureteroceles
more commonly found in males
potter facies is
a classification of cystic renal disease
renal vein thrombosis is more prevalent in infants of
diabetic mothers
clinical signs of renal vein thrombosis in the neonate include all except
high platelet count
neuroblastoma is typically a malignant tumor of the
adrenal gland
sonographic findings in adrenal hemmorrhage in the neonate include all except
irregularly shaped small gland
differential considerations for hydornephrosis include all except
etrarenal pelvis
functional dilation
multicystic dysplastic disease
* all of the above are correct
the most common cause of bladder oulet obstruction in the male neonate
posterior urethral valve obstruction
normal renal length in the pedicatric patient varies with
age
the left adrenal gland
extends medial to the kidney
in the neonate the adrenal medulla appears as a/an
echogenic stripe
a pelvocaliceal dilation without ureteral dilation is seen with
ureteropelvic junction obstruction
bilateral renal enlargemnet is seen with
nephroblastomatosis
a neuroblastoma demonsrates
a complex echo texture
a highly echogenic texture
intrisnic calcifications
* all of the above
which statement about he composition of the vertebrae is false
it is anterior to the meninges
the spinal cord is the younger child ends at the upper border of the
3rd lumbar vertebra
the cord tapers off into the
conus medullaris
the spinal cord is surrounded by three meningers which includes all except
the subdural mater
sonography is able to image the spinal cord because
the cerebrospinal fluid is an excellent window
which sonographic characteristics do not best describe the spinal cord
hyperechoic
pathologic fixation of the spinal cord is an abnormal caudal location is know as
tethered cord
dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord is
hydromyelia
indications for spinal sonography include all except
shortening of the femur
a dimple may be suspicious for a spinal abnormality if it is more an ___ from the anus
1inch
the lumbar peduncles are strong and derected
posterior
a severe form of spinal bifida is
aperta
the most importand derermination in r/o tethered spinal cord is
vertebral level of the tip of the cornus medullaris
the tethered spinal cord is usually associated with
both hydocephalus and filum terminals
the sacrum consists of ___ fused bones
5
these are resposible for one fourth of the vertebral colum's length
interverebral discs
the cascular membrane that closely covers the spinal cord is the
pia mater
the _____ appears as in unverted U
spinous process
a transverse projection across the midline from the lowest palpable rib is
L2
a meningocele demonstrates
fluid within the sac
the neonatal coccyx should not be mistaken for
both cyst and a fluid collection
hemangiomas over the back have a high association with
tethered spinal cord
a cleft spinal cord resulting from failure of the neural tube to close is called
myeloschisis
a trasverse projection across the midline from the palpated apex of the iliac crest is often
L5
the bundle of nerve roots that descend nearly vertical from the spinal cord is called the
cauda equina
*the hip bones are the fusion of three separate bones which bone is not included
femur
the femur is surrounded by all except
bursa
the largest nerve in the upper thigh is the
sciatic
the contents of the femoral triangle include all except
femoral bursa
the articulation of the head of the femur with the acetabulum of the hip bone forms the
hip joint
the ligament in the shape of an inverted Y or V passinf from the anterior inferior iliac spine to each end of the inertrochanteric line is the
iliofemoral ligament
when one crosses their legd in a sitting posrition which type of muscle group is used
adductor
*in the coronal/neurtral view the conographic finding of a frankly dislocated hip is
labrum may be deformed
*in the push and pull maneuver the following is seen in a normal hip in the coronal /neurtal view
the femoral head is never seen over the posterior lip of the acetabulum
*indications for sonography of the neonatal hip include all except
r/o development of the hip
*a normal infant hip has a Graf alpha angle of
less than 60 degrees
*the coronal/neutral view of the subluxed infant hip demonstrated
femoral head gradually migrated superiorly and laterally with decreases coverage of the femoral head
*this type of hip gives the appearance of a ball on a spoon in the mid -acetabulum in the coronal/flexion view
normal
the femoral head is completely out of the acetabulum describes
dislocated hip
*sonography of the infant hip is performed with
linear array transducer
the sonographic protocol of the basic hip anatomy is imaged in ____ different views
4
*a type IV hip has and alpha angle of _____ and a beta angle of ___
less than 43 degrees; immeasurable
the alpha angle is the anlge btwn the ___ and the _____
baseline; acetabulum roof line
down and outward pressure is applied with patient lying in a supine position with the hip adducted and flexed 90 degrees
Barlow maneuver
the saphenous vein connects with the femoral vein after passing through the
saphenous opening
the anterior thight muscle is also known as the
extensor
the main srterial supply for thigh is the
profunda femoris artery
moving sideways outward
abduction
physical signs of development of displacement of the hip include all except
extreme abduction
with treatment of the hip displacement using the Pavlik harness the hip should position in flexion with adduction and