-
Vit A ingested as:
- vitamin A
- carotenoid precursors
-
Vit A def. signs
- REVERSIBLE!
- growth retardation
- high mortality
- exophthalmia and cataracts
- decreased hepatosomatic index
- anemia
-
Pigment of "salmon colour"
Astaxanthin
-
Vit A in freshwater fish vs. seawater fish
- seawater: vitamin A1
- freshwater: vitamin A2
-
Vit D def. signs
muscle weakness -> drooping of caudal fin
-
Vit D forms
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin D2
- Vitamin D3 (3x more active vs. Vit D2)
-
Vit E function
antioxidant
-
Vit E def. signs
- anemia
- fragile, irregular erythrocytes
- decreased hemotcrit
- hypersensitive to handling
- yellowish fluid in body cavity
- nutritional muscular dystrophy
-
Vit K functions
normal blood clotting
-
Vit K source
produced by MO - though bacterial growth is slower in lower temp enviro, fish have longer feed passage time
old feed were contaminated therefore provided Vit K
-
Vit K def. signs
- hemorrhaging --> anemia
- bleeding out
-
Biotin function
FA elongation
-
Biotin def. signs
- blue slime disease (brown trout)
- muscle atrophy
- enthrocyte fragmentation and anemia
- gill degeneration
- enlargement and friability of liver
-
Folacin def. signs
- macrocytic, normochromic anemia*
- poor growth
- decreased appetite
- lethargy
- fragile fins
- dark skin pigmentation
- infarction of spleen
-
Niacin def. signs
- photosensitivity ("sun burn")*
- poor growth
- decreased appetite
- muscle weakness
- spasms when resting
- mortality
-
Pantothenic Acid def. signs
- dietary/nutritional gill disease
- "clubbing" of fills due to epithelial surface proliferation
-
Pyridoxine (B6) function
PRO synthesis
-
Pyridoxine (B6) def. signs
- **
- epileptiform seizures
- hyperirritability
- erratic, spiral swimming
- rapid breathing
- flexing of opercules
- rapid onset of rigour after death
- decreased appetite
- poor growth
- poor feed conversion
-
Riboflavin def. signs
- ocular opacity* (irreversible)
- lenticular/corneal cataracts* (irreversible)
- photophobia (early sign)
- rainbow trout:
- letharg & muscle weakness
- opercula flexing
- anorexia
- severe fin erosion
- mortality
-
Thiamin induced def.
- anti-thiaminase present in carp tissue
- raw fish and shellfish tissue have thiaminase. if feed stored for a long period, thiaminase acts of thiamin in the diet
-
thiamin liability
decreased if prepared under slightly alkaline conditions
stable in dry head and pelleting
-
Thiamin def. signs
- neuritis
- paralysis
- loss of equilibrium
- edema
- induce violent fits w/ light
-
Vit B12 def. signs
microcytic, hypochromic anemia
-
Vit B12 source
not required dietarily, produced by MO
-
Ascorbic Acid source
Required dietarily b/c animals do not have L-gulonolactone oxidase required to synthesize ascorbic acid
-
Ascorbic Acid def. signs
- failure to hydroxylase proline -> defect in collagen formation:
- lordosis
- scoliosis
- distortion of inter-vertebral disks & gill filament cartilage
- broken back
- skull & jaw cartilage abnormalities
- delayed wound healing
decreased osteoblastic activity -> decreased bone formation
-
Ascorbic Acid function
antioxidant
-
Ascorbic Acid lability
- decreased:
- feed processing
- storage
cooking prevents loss
-
Choline function
important for max growth and prevents: fatty liver, hemorrhage in kidney & intestine
-
Myo-inositol source
- animal: phosphatidylinositol
- plant: phytin
-
Myo-inositol def. signs
- poor growth
- increased gastric emptying time
- edema
- dark colouring
- distended stomach (poor digestion & feed utilization)
- lipodystrophy: accumulation of fat in intestinal mucolas cells
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