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Recombinant DNA
combining nucleotide sequences from two different sources
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Genetic engineering
direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
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Plasmids
small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome
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Restriction enzymes
- cut DNA molecules at restriction cites
- eventually makes recombinant DNA
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Restriction cites
specific DNA sequences
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA
- 3 steps: 1) Heating, 2) Cooling, 3) Replication
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First round PCR
- 1 molecule DNA makes 2 molecules identical to each other
- (Second round = 4 molecules, Third round = 8 molecules)
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Cooling in PCR
Adds taq polymerase (enzyme) and free nucleotides to let DNA cool
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Gel electrophoresis
uses gel as a molecular sieve to separate nucleic acids or proteins by size
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DNA
negatively charged because it has a phosphate backbone
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Banding patterns
each are unique because of the unique DNA
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Organismal cloning
produces one or more organisms genetically identical to the "parent" that donated the single cell
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Totipotent cell
one that can generate a complete new organsism
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Dolly the sheep
- big success and big deal
- first time successfully cloned a whole animal
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Stem cell
- relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types
- research for doing therapeutic growth, not reproducing a person
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embryonic stem cells
- stem cells isolated from early embryos at the blastocyst stage
- totipotent
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Gene therapy
only have to affect 1 type of cell in our bodies
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