Janin

Supplemenation before smoltification may be of benefit

control of osmorality and pH

chemically defined diets or certain pathological conditions that could promote K excretion

• fresh -> sea = increase in [K]
• head -> tail = increase in [K]
• -due to smaller cells
• -increase in CT (have less [K])

muscle weakness

• sea water:
• -have an abundance in [Ca] but low in [P], therefore req is readily met
• -excess is secreted, dietary Ca:P should be 1:1

• fresh water:
• -have less [Ca] vs. sea water, Ca dietary req is low

• Magnesium
• Barium
• Stronium
• Zinc
• Copper

• bone mineralization
• structural component of soft tissues
• products of energetics and PRO synthesis

not readily absorbed in the water, therefore must be dietarily provided

• animal-based feeds have sufficient [P]
• plant-based feeds need inorganic supplementation of P

• mixed salt of phytin acid + Ca + Mg
• source of P and Mg however it is not readily available
• is broken down by phytase - endogenous to GI tract or synthesized by MO
• decreases bioavailability of Zn, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Ca, Fe, and PRO

• reduced growth
• poor feed conversion
• poor bone mineralization

• bone mineralization
• neuromuscular transmission

• sea water:
• meets Mg req unless [Ca] is high, Ca affects Mg absorption. high [Ca] creates a lower threshold for Mg def.

• fresh water:
• do not supply Mg, must be provided dietarily: animal based. (plant based is not as readily available - phytin)

• enzyme chemical structure
• activator of enzymes
• important for CHO, PRO, lipid metabolism

• decreased growth rate
• lethargy
• decreased appetite
• nephrocalcinosis
• convulsions
• cataracts
• degeneration of muscle fibers
• spinal curvature
• poor mineralization
• mortality

• lenticular cataracts*
• shrot-body dwarfism
• fin & skin erosion
• decreased growth rate
• decreased appetite
• mortality

• phosphatase
• carbonate of Ca, Na, K

smaller fish needs more Mn compared to bigger fish

• short-body dwarfism
• loss of equilibrium
• cataracts
• abnormal tail growth
• poor hatchability
• poor growth rate

important for heme proteins, hemoglobin, myoglobin

hypochromic & macrocytic anemia

• blood formation
• stability of CT and elastin

• aortic rupture
• bone deformation

• have similar def. signs w/ Vit E
• affected by presence of antioxidants and sulphur AA

pancreas disease

met readily by the water

goitre either by lack of iodine or unidentified goitrogen that reduces availability of iodine

protection against dental caries

met by water and diet

no requirement but is in association with B12.

• benefits:
• -increased growth
• -increased hemoglobin and hematocrit value
• -increased synthesis of B12 by MO