Nature Guide Intro Course

A Nature guide is trained to show people not just about animals but plants and nature as a whole, while game rangers tend to focus on animals only.

• Acting with sensitivity to animals
• Controlling actions of clients
• Ethical and responsible use of fire-arms
• Respect to different cultures
• Setting an example
• Also:-
• Being ecologically sensitive
• Make sure give correct info
• Ensure safety of clients
• Using correct equip
• Being sensitive to local communities, their privacy and customs
• Respectful conduct ie no bad language
• Responsible use of alcohol

DEAT

• Creates qualifications
• Accredits assessors & moderators
• Accredits providers
• Issue qualifications

• Safety of client
• Enjoyment & appreciation of environment
• Protection of eco system
• Protection of landowners assets

• No way discriminate against any tourist/client
• Be positive & represent SA objectively
• Be punctual, suitably dressed & presentable
• Be concerned about safety at all times
• Carry out programme/itinerary to best of abilities & loyal to company
• Deal with conflict in sensitive/responsible manner
• At no time be drunk/under influence/drugs

• Stay within rules
• Stay within own limits
• Stay within limits of clients
• Stay within industry norms
• Control behaviour of clients

• Enthusiasm
• Must be a people person
• Set an example to others
• Handle cultural differences
• Fairness

So you know what to do if anything should happen on your tour.

• The weather.
• Making sure they are not facing into the sun, when you are talking.
• Use the shade where possible.

• Be a good listener
• Sensitive to body language
• Make subject come alive
• Speak clearly - Terminology
• Speed, volume
• Keep explanations simple
• Always face clients
• Make eye contact
• Be considerate(make sure they are comfortable
• Avoid one on one conversations
• Don't exclude clients, make sure whole group around when showing/explaining things.

The comfort zone of the animal, thus limiting disturbance to the lives of the animal.

• Tell clients about uses, names interactions and adaptations.
• Use personal stories.
• Use questions - Ask them, but don't bombard
• Let them ask you.
• Let them participate.
• Get close to the subject
• Use all the senses
• Use other resources ie your book.

• Remember that at one stage you were not lost.
• Discuss situation with the group and explain your strategy
• Remain in control but do not ignore advice
• Stick with your strategy –
• Then, establish were north is.
• Do you recognise any landmarks?
• Work out mist probable direction & walk in a straight line, if you find a fence/road, it will probably lead you to a gate/campsite.
• Use your local knowledge
• Someone may search for you so leave indicators of the direction you are travelling in.
• Keep eyes open and look for human habitation
• As you pass prominent land marks, memorise and relate to your direction of travel
• Signs of human activity ie telephone lines, etc at night look for glow on horizon indicating towns etc.

• Crust - o/s of earth
• Mantle – Middle
• Core – Inner core

• Continental crust :- largely comprising of granites metaphorses sediments & sedimentary rocks, composed mainly of silica & alumina ( Sial for short)- has relatively low density, but reaches great thickness – land.
• Oceanic crust:- mainly basalts, dolerites & gabbros with a thin veneer of marine sediments, is thinner denser and predominantly composed of silica, iron oxides & magnesia(sima for short) – oceans.

• Igneous: Granite, Basalt, Dolerite
• Sedimentary: Limestone, Sandstone, Mudstone, Conglomerate.
• Metamorphic: Quartzite, Slate, Marble, Gneiss.

• Molten magma cooled down and solidified
• Extrusive Igneous: Solidifies o/s - Basalt
• Intrusive Igneous: Solidifies inside- Granite
• Hypabyssal: Solidifies near top of volcano, inside –Dolerite

• A dyke runs vertical within the earth
• A sill runs horizontal

• Layers of sediment compacted over time.
• Chemical: deposits precipitated from solutions in surface water, pans and spring.ie Calcrete & rock salt
• Detrital: were loose grains carried by water streams, wind or other process. ie Sandstone & conglomerate
• Organic: deposits of plant or animal remains. ie Coal

• Where one rock has been changed into another, by either
• a) Increase in temperature (but no melting)
• b) Increase in pressure
• c) Activity of chemical solutions

A mineral is a natural occurring compound that has a specific chemical compound and has a fixed atomic structure , ie Quartz, calcite, pyroxene, mica, feldspar & hornblende

Rocks are made up of one or more mineral particles or crystals. Every rock consists of an aggregation of mineral grains.

Sandstone, mudrock, shale, granite, gneiss, hornfels, slate, quartzite, dolerite, limestone.

The erosion cycle starts with a large rock, and due to weathering by either rain, wind on the rock, this creates erosion of the rock, this is then transported to another area, where it is deposited before it then solidifies or digenesis.( WETDD)

• Weathering takes place in situ
• Erosion involves the transport of material to another place.

• Table Mountain: – Quartzite – Nutrient poor soil, Hard base rock, winter rainfall, so animals have adapted to conditions ∴ There are no grazers ie Herbivores like elephant.
• Kruger National Park: - Basalts – Nutrient rich, lots of plants, Acacia’s/grasses in abundance, high summer rainfall ∴ Elephant present as area can sustain plant life.

Because if you have a basic understanding of what animals /plants can survive in what areas and why they can or cannot survive in those areas.

• Weather: - Regional conditions on a given day.
• Climate:- Long term weather over a specific area.

Temperature at which moisture contained in the air transfers from a gas to a liquid state.

The amount of moisture contained in the air at a specific time as a % of amount of moisture @ due point.

• Low pressure:- Clockwise
• High pressure:- Anti – clockwise

Hot air rises, as it gets higher it becomes less dense, and will cool down until it reaches dew point temperature at some stage, at which point a cloud will form.

• Moving air mass forced up by a barrier such as a mountain.
• Turbulence caused by strong winds and uneven ground surface
• Convection – warm air rising
• Frontal lift – cold air wedging in under warmer air

• Height
• Shape
• Presence of rain

• Layered - Stratus
• Heaped - Cumulus
• Wispy - Cirrus
• High – Cirro-CirrostratusCirrocumulusCirrus
• Medium – Alto-AltostratusAltocumulusNot occur at med alt
• Low- Strato-StratusStratocumulusNot occur at low alt
• Dark & rain bearing - Nimbo-NimbostratusCumulonimbus Not produce rain

• Cumulonimbus: - Rain bearing
• Cirrus: - Sunshine/ wispy clouds

• Lightning: - Stay away from rocky out crops or isolated tall objects
• Thunder: - May scare clients
• Hail: - Can be painful, and can injure clients it out in the open
• Rain: - Can lead to flash floods, so stay out of river beds.

• Agulhas current :- Warm current – warm maritime air moving inland, cools down and condense, forming rain cloud as it rises up the great escarpment of the interior.
• Benguella current :- Cold current from the Antarctic, on the west coast of Southern Africa – cool maritime air moving in from the coast heats up as it flows over the warm continent. Diminishes the chance of rain as the gap between air temp and dew point is widened and formulation of cloud becomes impossible.

Means the study of our home – the Earth

Because it encompasses all things on earth, whether alive or not. It includes the study of relationships between plants and climate, soils and rocks, animals and plants etc. It also refers to the processes that take place in nature and the way various elements of the natural system interact with one another. Being a nature guide is having to understand these relationships.

• Top - Secondary consumers - Meat eating animals
• Primary consumers - Plant eating animals
• Primary producers - Green plants
• Abiotic base - Soil, water,air etc
• Running alongside the triangle you have
• Decomposers - Break down dead plants/animals, tissue etc to be recycled and returned to the soil.

If one level gets smaller /larger, then the other above/below will also get larger/smaller.

It is defined as ‘a community of organisms, interacting with one another, plus the environment in which they live and with which they interact’.

• The flow of nutrient will flow upwards in the case of the trophic pyramid, but is in a cyclic pattern also.
• Nutrient are taken from the soil, water air, etc buy the primary producers – producer eaten by herbivore (primary consumer) - herbivore eaten by carnivore (secondary consumer). All these produce waste or die, thus their decomposing matter is absorbed back into the soil as nutrients. And so the cycle continues.
• The cycle must be maintained in order to sustain life on earth.

The sun produces energy, making the plants grow, plant eaters then consumes the plant, the plant eaters are then eaten by the carnivores again transferring energy. Energy cannot be recycled, but can be transformed and energy is lost /degraded irreversibly into the atmosphere so that it cannot be used again. It is not destroyed it is unavailable for producing work.

Any organism requires a certain set of environmental conditions to survive successfully. If only one of these conditions is below minimum then it will not be able to survive successfully at that place.

It states that not only too little of a certain factor may be limiting, but too much of the same factor may also be limiting. We can therefore say that an organism lives between the limits of too little and too much of a certain environmental factors. These limits to too little and too much are called the limits of tolerance.

Two things living closely together, sometimes good, sometimes bad.

• Mutualism: Two organisms living together, both benefiting
• Commensalism: One benefits, the other does not, but not harmed
• Parasitism: One benefits, one is harmed by the relationship

• Holo –parasitic: Parasite extracts all its life requirements from the host - Dry rot in wood
• Hemi-parasitic: Parasite extracts only what it requires – Mistletoe, only requires water as can photosynthesis.

• Predation: intentionally killing their food, especially adapted to hunting.
• Competition:
• Intraspecific competition – competition between animals of same species ie fighting for food from same carcass.
• Interspecific competition – competition between animals of different species ie herd of zebra and herd of wildebeest competing for water at same waterhole.

To classify organisms according to their evolutionary relationships. Giving names to organism in accordance with their classification

• Animalia
• Plantae
• Fungi
• Protista
• Monera

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Savannah
• Grassveld
• Nama Karoo
• Evergreen Forest
• Fynbos
• Succulent Karoo

• High summer rainfall
• Dry temperate winters

• High summer rainfall
• Very cold winters, can get snow

• Low summer rainfall
• Extreme winter/summer temperatures

• Rainfall all year
• Temperate climate

• High winter rainfall – 250-600mm
• Hot dry summers

• Low winter rainfall – 200–250mm
• Hot, dry summers 45° - 48°c
• Desert biome

Plants: Vygie (mesemb), Crassulas, Euphorbia’s, Quiver trees

• Plants: Restio, Protea, Erica, Geophytes
• Birds: Cape Sugarbird, Protea Canary, Orange Breasted Sunbird
• Mammals: Bontebok, Cape Grysbok, Cape Mountain Zebra

• Plants: Tree Ferns, Yellowwood , Stinkwood, Blackwood
• Birds: Kynsa Turaco, Narnia Trogon
• Mammals: Blue Duiker, Red Duiker

• Plants: Baobab Tree, Camel Thorn
• Birds: Yellow billed Hornbill, Lilac Breasted Roller
• Mammals: Impala, Plains Zebra

• Plants: Turpentine Grass, Red Grass, High Veld Cabbage Tree
• Birds: Blue Swallow, Blue Korhaan
• Mammals: Black Wildebeest, Oribi

• Plants: Anker Karoo, Acacia Karoo
• Birds: Karoo Chat, Karoo Korhaan
• Mammals: Springbok, Gemsbok

• High shore
• Midshore
• Low shore to Midshore
• Interstitial Zone

• Infratidal Zone
• Cochlear Zone
• Lower Balanoid Zone
• Upper Balanoid Zone
• Littorina Zone

• Sandy shores are more mobile as animals can migrate with the different positions of low and high tide; there is no firm substrate for the animals/plants to attach themselves too.
• Whereas rocky shores have a substrate for animals to attach themselves to, the zones are more distinct and life is more difficult, because the organisms tend to stay in one place.

• High shore emerges every 14days, and is the region where kelp washes up on shore during high tide. It attracts scavengers, like giant isopod, sand hoppers and kelp flies. The isopods and sand hoppers remain underground during the day to avoid desiccation. They constitute an important source of food for shore birds.
• Kelp flies, lay their eggs on high shore, hatch every 28days Pupae can float and re-establish elsewhere, larvae feed on kelp.

Animal remains accumulate in the mid shore, the scavengers are plough snails that migrate up and down the shore by surfing, if the conditions are not optimal then they bury into the sand ie during high tide.

• You will find the food sources of plankton, etc
• Scavengers: -Decomposers (bacteria, meiofauna, protozoa)
• -Filter feeders (mussels, sand prawns)
• -Wading birds (sanderlings, gulls, oystercatchers)
• Filtering action: waves and sand

• Has Littorina snail and Porphyra algae
• There is high desiccation
• Porphyra shrink to 10% of area, to a hard crust
• Minimal wave action

• Will find barnacles and steep shelled limpets
• More desiccation
• Less wave action

• Will find Barnacles and Mussels
• Moderate wave action
• Moderate desiccation

• Has a flat profile
• Low resistance to desiccation
• High resistance to wave action

• It is always under water (rock pools)
• Close to the surface
• Very light wave action

• Algae
• Bryophyta - Mosses
• Pteridophyta - Ferns
• Spermatophyta - Seeds

• Gymnopsermae - Has naked seed - not surrounded by ovary - usually contained in cones - wind pollinated ie Yellowwoods, Cedars
• Angiospermae - Has an enclosed seed - has an ovary which develops into a fruit with seed - Pollinated by wind , insects, birds or even mammals - Also sub divided

• Monocotyledons
• Dicotyledons

• Floral parts in groups of three
• Parallel veins in leaves
• Xylem in scattered bundles
• Very seldom woody plants

• Floral parts in groups of 4 or 5
• Net veining in leaves
• Vascular tissue in rings
• Typically woody plants

Roots, stems,branches,leaves,flowers and fruit

• Anchor the plant
• Absorbs nutrients
• Absorbs water

• Gives rigidity to the plant
• Orientates the plant
• Gives rise to branching bearing leaves and fruit
• Conduit for transporting water and nutrients
• Secondary Xylem transports fluids up using - Capillary force - root pressure - Leaf suction
• Phloem transports fluids down, also uses gravity

• Photosynthesis
• Manufacture food
• Produce energy by respiration

• Acacia Karoo
• Bark used in tanning process
• Gum used as substitute for sugar
• Gum boiled down and used for sweets

Is the process where leaves absorb carbon dioxide and oxygen from the air and in conjunction with absorbed solar energy , enable the plant to manufacture carbohydrates

• It is the opposite to Photosynthesis.
• It is where the carbohydrates are oxidized releasing energy

• Grass species that end to decrease when the veld is under /over utilized ( often climax grasses)
• Blue Buffalo Grass
• Finger Grass
• Mannagras
• Red Grass
• Common Signal Grass

• Grass that tend to increase when the veld is under utilized
• Fine thatch grass
• Tamboekiegras

• Where grass tend to increase when the veld is over utilized ( mostly sub climax and pioneer grasses)
• Stinkgras
• Curly leaved love grass
• Sand quick grass
• Carrot seed grass

• Grain of pollen lands on stigma
• Pollen tube grows down style to ovary
• Fertilizes egg cell

• Wind
• Birds
• Insects
• Mice
• Bats

• Thorns - something that grows , then stops , fall off quite easily, does not develop
• Spine - Branch with sharpened tip - will develop branches and leaves
• Spike - Has a floral arrangement - is a type of inflorescence

They are all staple foods is maize, wheat,rice

• High rainfall - 625mm per annum and higher
• Lower temps and very cold winters
• High lying areas
• Leached soils low in nutrients
• Nutrient poor soil lacking in nitrogen & Phosphate
• In absence of phosphate and nitrogen plants cannot convert excess carbs into proteins
• Plants convert excess carbs into woody tissue therefore unpalatable with low digestibility
• Can tolerate heavy grazing
• Recovers slowly after heavy grazing due to nutrient poor soils
• Palatable only in growing season

• Low rainfall 250-500mm /annum
• High temp, moderate winters
• Low lying areas
• Nutrient rich soils
• Abundance of nitrogen and phosphate
• Plants can convert their excess carbs into proteins
• Plants rich in protein , palatable and nutritious
• Sensitive to over grazing
• Recovers quickly from heavy grazing due to nutrient rich soils
• Palatable through the year

• Removes old plant material
• Recycling of minerals
• Germination of seeds
• Population control of shrubs and trees

• Climate - rainfall and temp
• Geology - morphology & soil
• Processes - eg wind & fire

• Nutrient poor
• Low soil moisture retention
• V high & v low soil temps
• Unstable soil

• It is the abuse of the veld by overgrazing
• Too many fires
• Bad management
• Can go back to bare rock
• Need to manage veld to climax conditions

• Wind speed low
• Ambient temp below 20c + humidity is high +50%
• Burning with the wind or up a slope
• This kind does little or no damage to trees, as only affects the grass layer
• Animals can easily dodge such fires, as flames progress slowly

• Has strong winds
• Low humidity <30%
• High ambient temp +25c accompany the fire
• Burning into wind /down slope
• Due to high temp can kill mature trees
• High speed & aggressive propagation of hot fires often trap animals which can/are killed seriously injured
• Hot fires very effective in controlling bush encroachment as it kills most small trees and shrubs

• An insect
• Jointed legs
• Exoskeleton

• Arachnida - 2 body parts - more than 6 legs - Breathe with book lungs
• Insecta - Body part in 3 - 6 legs

• Exoskeleton
• Head - Thorax - Abdomen
• Head - Antenna, eyes, mouth parts
• Thorax - legs , wings
• Abdomen - Segmented (usually 11), ovipositor (egg-laying organ), (males) have claspers, Cerci - sense organ ( mayflies)

• Ametabolic
• Hemi-metabolic
• Holo-metabolic

• Where no metamorphosis occurs
• Fish Mouth

• Where there is partial metamorphosis
• Egg –nymph – adult
• Dragonflies, Grasshoppers

• Has a complete metamorphosis
• Egg – larva- pupal - adult
• Butterflies

• Dragonfly sits with wings open
• Damselfly sit with wings closed

• Pollination
• Maintaining balances in nature
• Food provision
• Waste disposal
• Disease

• Spiders have 2 body parts & 8 legs
• Insects have 3 body parts and up to 6 six legs

• Moths have feather shaped antenna
• Butterflies have clubbed antenna

• Araneomorphs: Web living spiders, have fangs going inwards, one set of book lungs
• Mygalmorphs: Live on ground, fangs strike downwards and two book lungs

• Black button spider
• Brown button spider

• Violin spider
• Sac spider

• Poison is something ingested
• Venom something injected

• Buthidae – very venomous, small pinchers, fat tail, sting always treated as life-threatening
• Scorpionidae – Large pinchers, thin tails, sting painful but not normally life threatening

• Millipede: Cylindrical body – 2 more pairs of legs per body segment – detrivores – Poisonous secret a poison that can make you very sick
• Centipede: One pair of legs per body segment – Body flatten – carnivores – venomous, have fangs that inject venom into prey

• Animals with back bone
• Central nervous system
• Start life as water living, gill breathing animals
• Second stage is lived on land as lung breathing animals
• Regualte body heat from external means

• Smooth moist skin
• Long hind legs
• Excellent swimmers
• Small & dark in colour
• Teeth in upper jaw
• Variety of habitats

• Rough skin
• Shorter hind legs
• Screte toxins ^ gland behind eyes
• Deosn't swim well
• Laeger with cryptic colouration
• Most of life on land
• No teeth
• Nocturnal
• Generally live in burrows

Adult - Egg - Tadpole - Adult ( metamorphosis -breath by gills in water)

• Auxillary clasp - where they are the same size and male holds female under arms.
• Inquinal clasp - where male is slightly smaller, so holds female in front of hips.
• Adhesion clasp - If male is very small will glue himslef onto back of female.

• Toads lay eggs in a string
• Frogs lay eggs in a cluster

• Leaf folding - Make a cup wiht leaf, female glues it together, eggs fall into cup - tadpoles develope in leaf - crawl out and drop into water below.
• Foam nest - Churn up the jelly with thier hind legs as she lays the eggs, males excrets sperm to fertilize - foam will dry out as tadpoles emerge - they drop into the water below - can stay in foam for as long as 20days meaning they are ahead of other tadpoles and so a important adaptation to avoid predation.
• Rain frogs - independant of water, burrow in soil and lay eggs inside a jelly mass - Eggs hatch and tadpoles go through metamorphosis inside the jelly mass

• It is sticky prevneting them from being swept away by currents
• Detrial particles stick to the mass and help to conceal them
• Acts as a shock absorber,protecting the embryo
• Provides a barrier for fungal infections

• It is animals that dwell on the bottom of a water body
• Inhabit the sediment in lakes, river etc
• Feed algal crusts, leaves, and detritus
• Mouth adapted to enable scraping of food particles off surface.

• Organisms live in open water, can propel themselves independant of currents in the water.
• Tadpoles feed on plankton
• Have capability of fast motion and maneuverability, linear and angular acceleration with great agility
• Long tail enables them to remain suspended while feeding on plankton

• Include toads, have paratoid glands, rough dry skin
• Stout with short limbs
• Inhabit open country and water habitats

• Are grossly globose and increase this by inflating the body
• They burrow in sand
• Use the adhesion method for mating

• Totally aquatic
• Have visible lateral lione snese organs
• Toes are webbed, fingers are not
• Skin secretation are toxic
• Eat food by ripping apart by holding in mouth and using back legs to claw/rip apart until pieces small enough to eat/swallow

• Advertising - Advertise ready to mate
• Territorial - Establishing territory
• Aggresive - Makes others keep quite/retreat
• Distress/Release - Startling effect & if gets male instead of female for mating

• Is where they can slow their metabolism down , the heartbeat and temperature go down
• Bull frogs can go in a state called Aestivation which is a state of torpor during drought and intense heat.
• If water scarce dig into the ground and shed several layers of skin which forms a water tight cocoon around the body. Only nostrils left open.
• Can survive for a year or longer, until rain returns, then will break out

• Is the most important means of defence
• Secrete toxins via their skin
• Have mucous glands and granular glands
• Mucous glands all over body
• Granular glands situated in specific region ie paratoid posion gland behind head in toads
• Red Toads, Rubber frogs and Bufonidae are toxic
• Plantanna have posionous mucus all over body, will see heron wipe frog on ground first to get rid of the mucus before eating
• Water mogoose will turn toad over and eat from belly to avoid the poison glands

• Colour is used for protection have different types:-
• Cryptic colouration - Conceals the frog, countershading common , upper body darker than lower body, also found in frog eggs
• Flash colouration - At rest animal is cryptically coloured,but when moving bright colours are displayed. when frog stops moving predator fooled because it is still seeking the bright colour
• Aposematic colouration - found mainly in rubber frogs where red or orange is displayed against a black background
• Thermoregulatory colouration - Enable frog to make better use of sunlight during colder parts of the day by adopting a darker colour. Lighter colouration used during heat of the day.

• Ectothermic
• Scaly skins

• Chelonean :- Tortosie, Turtle, Terrapin
• Squamata :- Lizards,Gecko, Agama,Chameleons,Skinks,Scally lizards,Leguaans and Snakes
• Crocodylia :- Crocodiles

• Incubation temp decides the sex
• 31°c to 34°c – female above 34°c egg will die
• 26°c to 30°c – male below 26°c egg will die
• Largest tortoise in SA is Leopard tortoise
• Most endangered Geometric tortoise
• Smallest Speckled padloper

• Fresh water living
• Cannot withdraw into shell have to fold neck in sideways
• Has a gland under armpit that secretes a foul smelling liquid as defence mechanism
• Are carnivores and ostophagia (eats bones)
• If no water can hibernate underground in mud until water pans fill up again.
• Important decomposers in eco-system

• Live in salt water
• Land bound for breeding
• Temp defines sex: - 32°c -34°c female lower males
• SA species Leather- backed Turtle and Green Turtle

• Temp decides sex: - 31°c to 34°c – male –
• 27°c to 30°c – female
• Four chambered heart
• Can hear, breathe and see effectively under water
• Teeth continually replaced
• Valve in of back of throat
• Exothermic

• Geckos: - No eyelids, Clean eyes with tongue, Can produce sound, Modified toe structure, Autotomy; can lose an appendage ie tail.
• Skinks: - Cylindrical bodies, Autotomy
• Lizards: - Broad flattened bodies, Armoured scales, Autotomy
• Agamas: - Frog like head, Autotomy but tail will not regrow
• Chameleons: - Prehensile tail to use to hold onto things, Opposing toes to hold onto things, Two eyes move independently, Can change colour due to environment, if angry get very dark and hiss at you, when amorous will intensify in colour.

• Blind snakes
• Thread snakes
• Pythons
• Typical snakes
• Adders/Vipers
• Cobras/Mambas

• No eyes
• Small teeth upper jaw
• Feed on termites
• Found under rocks or in termite mounds

• No eyes
• Blunt head and short tail
• Teeth in lower jaw
• Live on termites
• Preyed on by scorpions and other snakes

• Non venomous
• Solid teeth in both jaws
• Lay eggs
• Feed by constricting their prey
• Can survive a year without food can turn off their digestive system
• Nose has heat sensitive pits to detect warm blooded prey

• Have solid teeth in both jaws
• Have back fang in top of jaw
• Includes Boomslang and Vine snake which have slow acting haemotoxic venom.

• From the family Elapidae
• Have front fixed fangs and poison gland
• Have Neurotoxic venom apart from Mozambique , black and black necked spitting cobra
• Includes coral snake, Cape cobra, Black Mamba, Rinkhals
• Rinkhals can perform thanatosis