-
GI alterations of the vary young?
low pressure LES, uncoordinated motility, slow peristalsis
-
GI decreases a/w aging?
decreased sense of taste, motility, blood flow to GI system, absorption, liver's ability to detoxify drugs, digestive enzymes
-
Reverse esophageal peristalsis is a cause of ___
vomiting
-
What electrolytes are lost through diarrhea?
bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, magnesium
-
Ingesting non-absorbable substances causes what?
sodium and water get sucked into intestines resulting in Osmotic Diarrhea
-
What type of diarrhea is a/w s.aureus and clostridium defficile?
Secretory diarrhea
-
Excessive secretion of fluid and electrolytes, may be a/w antibiotic therapy (C's of)
secretory diarrhea
-
dehydration, metabolic acidosis, abdominal pain, CNS depression (M's of)
diarrhea
-
Guaiac test is used to identify what?
Occult bleeding of the GI tract
-
2 Structural causes of dysphagia?
diverticula & achalasia
-
prodromal M's of intestinal obstruction?
fatigue, fever, hyperalgia, vomiting, colicky pain
-
cardinal M's of small intestine obstruction?
colicky pain due to distention followed by vomiting
-
bile stained vomit and dehydration (M's of)
proximal small intestine obstruction
-
constipation, emesis of fecal material, and high-pitched bowel sounds (M's of)
distal small intestine obstruction
-
constipation, liquid diarrhea, and absent bowel sounds (M's of)
large intestine obstruction
-
Risk factors of Gastroesophageal reflux?
high intra-abdominal pressure, the American diet, smoking, lying supine
-
heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain, dysphagia 1hr after eating (M's of)
Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
-
often none, but may have heartburn, chest pain, and dysphagia (M's of)
Hiatal hernia
-
abdominal pain, epigastric tenderness, hematemesis, and usually heals in a few days (M's of)
acute gastritis
-
Type A Chronic Gastritis causes decreased what?
acid secretion and vitamin B12 absorption due to loss of chief and parietal cells
-
caused by H. pylori, and r/t reflux of bile and pancreatic enzymes (C's of)
Type B (antral) Chronic Gastritis
-
GI bleeding only; but may have anorexia, fullness, nausea/vomiting, and epigastric pain (M's of)
chronic gastritis
-
pain immediately after eating, anorexia, vomiting, weight loss (M's of)
gastric ulcers
-
having more parietal cells than normal is a/w what type of ulcer?
duodenal ulcer
-
pain 2-3 hrs after eating, when stomach is empty, and in the middle of the night (M's of)
duodenal ulcers
-
eating often and taking antacids helps with the pain of what kind of ulcer?
duodenal
-
why does getting your pyloric sphincter removed cause hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, dizziness, and increased pulse?
rapid gastric emptying causes sudden shift of fluid into intestine
-
what GI syndrome causes both hypo and hyperglycemia?
Dumping Syndrome
-
nausea, bilious vomiting, sustained epigastric pain after eating not relieved by antacids (M's of)
alkaline reflux gastritis
-
iron anemia is caused by?
low acid secretion from duodenum
-
vitamin B12 anemia is caused by?
lack of intrinsic factor from parietal cells
-
diarrhea (10-20/day), blood and mucus in stool, cramping, urge to defecate (M's of)
ulcerative colitis
-
____ increases ones risk of colorectal cancer after 10 years
ulcerative colitis
-
inflammation develops in the crypts of Liegerkuhn in what disorder?
ulcerative colitis
-
skip lesions and cobblestone projections are C's of?
crohn disease
-
____ affects the entire gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus
crohn disease
-
relapsing/remitting, chronic irritable bowel, diarrhea, protein lost, colonic bleeding (M's of)
crohn disease
-
what is the most common cause of emergency abdominal surgery?
appendicitis
-
epigastric or periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, diarrhea, fever (M's of)
appendicitis
-
abdominal pain, fever, bleeding, bowel obstruction (M's of)
diverticulitis
-
2 causes of prehepatic jaundice?
liver can't conjugate bilirubin, liver can't transport bilirubin through caniculi
-
light colored stool, amber/dark urine (M's of)
jaundice
-
bilirubin over 2.5 =
jaundice
-
Portal hypertension can cause ___
varices, splenomegaly, ascites and hepatic encephalopathy
-
Liver failure leads to ___
decreased clotting factor, decreased albumen, increased portal pressure, increased ammonia
-
early signs include personality changes, irritability, memory loss, lethargy, asterixis (M's of)
hepatic encephalopathy
-
Late signs include confusion, seizure, and coma (M's of)
hepatic encephalopathy
-
acute versions of hepatitis are?
A, B, C, D, E
-
chronic version of hepatitis are?
B & C
-
HBV & HCV can also cause?
liver failure and liver cancer
-
in order to get hepatitis D, one must first get?
Hepatitis B
-
HAV & HEV transmission?
fecal-oral
-
HBV, HCV, & HDV transmission?
parenteral
-
what phase of viral hepatitis is manifested by just feeling sick?
prodromal phase
-
jaundice, dark urine, light stools, enlarged liver (M's of)
icteric phase of viral hepatitis
-
what disorder is characterized by a cobblestoned liver?
cirrhosis
-
enlarged liver and spleen, ascites, portal hypertension, esophageal varices (M's of)
alcoholic liver disease (Leinnic's cirrhosis)
-
what type of cirrhosis begins with the hepatocytes?
alcoholic liver or Leinnec's
-
what type of cirrhosis begins in the bile canaliculi and ducts?
biliary
-
obstruction of common bile duct by gallstones, tumors, fibrotic strictures, or chronic pancreatitis (causes of)
secondary biliary cirrhosis in adults
-
What 2 things can cause Biliary cirrhosis in kids?
biliary atresia or cystic fibrosis
-
RF's cholelithiasis for adults?
multiple pregnancies, obesity, oral contraceptives
-
RF's cholelithiasis for children?
cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease
-
Being Native American puts one at risk for?
Cholithiasis
-
M's usually follow meals, RUQ pain, right shoulder or back pain (M's of)
cholelithiasis
-
excessive flatus, bloating, epigastric burning, vomiting, diaphoresis (M's of)
cholithiasis
-
decreased absorption of fat soluble vitamins, colicky pain, jaundice (M's of)
cholithiasis
-
severe RUQ and back pain, rebound tenderness and guarding, jaundice, leukocytosis (M's of)
acute cholecystitis
-
steady, boring pain in LUQ that radiates to the back; tachycardia and hypotension (M's of)
acute pantreatitis
-
hypocalcemia, fever, and possibly transient hyperglycemia (M's of)
acute pancreatitis
-
can cause diabetes mellitus, weight loss, and lead to pancreatic cancer (C's of)
Chronic pancreatitis
-
upper abdominal pain that worsens after eating, pancreatic cysts, calcification and strictures (M's of)
chronic pancreatitis
-
RF's for esophageal cancer?
Barrett esophagitis, alcohol abuse, smoking, malnutrition
-
RF's for gastric cancer?
H. pylori infection, American diet, smoking, alcohol
-
unexplained weight loss, upper abdominal pain, vomiting, hematemesis, anemia (M's of ? cancer)
gastric cancer
-
RF's for colorectal cancer?
American diet, genetics, ulcerative colitis, aging, colorectal polyps
-
blood in stool, anemia, weakness, fatigue, bowel changes, weight loss (M's of ? cancer)
colo-rectal cancer
-
RF's for liver cancer?
hepatitis B & C, cirrosis
-
which GI cancer is most often metastatic?
liver
-
fullness, pressure, dull ache in RUQ, jaundice, abrupt loss of appetite (M's of ? cancer)
liver
-
RF's for pancreatic cancer?
aging, petroleum products, high fat and protein with low fiber diet
-
which GI cancer is associated with diabetes mellitus?
pancreatic cancer
-
diarrhea, flatulence, weight loss, fatigue, steatorrhea (M's of)
celiac disease
-
infants with celiac disease show what M's?
diarrhea and failure to thrive
-
low potassium =
muscle weakness
-
-
low calcium =
muscle spasm and tetany
-
low vitamin K =
easy bruising
-
low vitamin D =
bone pain and fractures
-
M's of necrotizing enterocolitis?
M's begin within 2 weeks of birth; GI issues, sepsis, gangrene, unstable temperature, bradycardia
-
cerebral palsy, mental retardation, movement disorders, and often death (M's of)
kernicterus
-
BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes are a/w what?
colon cancer in women
-
cancer of the stomach, bile duct, gallbladder, and pancreas in both men and women is a/w what gene?
BRCA2 gene
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