biopysch

a fetus with XX chromosomes will normally develop female gonads or _____.

a fetus with XY chromosomes will normally develop male gonads or _____ which secrete the hormone _____.

a fetus with XY chromosomes will not develop male internal reproductive structures unless there are two substances present. these are _____ to develop the male structures and _____ to inhibit the development of the female system.

the female system is the _____ system and the male system is the _____.

a derivative of testosterone, _____ masculinizes the external genitalia.

at puberty, the hypothalamus begins to secrete a releasing factor _____ _____ _____ which triggers the pituitary to secrete _____ and _____.

hormones are gonadotropins and act on the _____ in the male and the _____ in the female.

holds sperm during maturation

produces semen (2 words)

produces semen (1 word)

pre-ejaculatory fluid

spermatogenesis, testosterone production

tubes that sperm move through

in females, the phase before ovulation is called the _____ phase

during this phase, FSH is involved in the development of the _____, which is the egg and the surrounding cells. this _____ secretes _____.

mid-cycle, there is a surge of LH, resulting in _____ when the egg is released from the follicle. the second phase is called the _____ phase and the _____ _____ secretes the hormones _____ and _____.

the lining of the uterus which is called the _____.

menstruation involves sloughing off of the uterine lining. fertilization takes place in the _____ _____.

if a female becomes pregnant, _____ is released when the blastocyst implants in the uterus.

changes which take place at puberty such as breast development, acne, increased musculature etc. are _____ sex characteristics.

_____ are individuals born with external genitalia that are either ambiguous or the reverse of the genetic sex.

_____ _____ _____ is a genetic male born with female genitalia

_____ _____ _____ also known as Adrenogenital syndrome is a genetic female with a malfunctioning adrenal gland, resulting in excess prenatal androgen.

in _____ _____ _____ _____ deficiency syndrome the individual lacks an enzyme needed to convert testosterone to DHT.

the symptoms of schizophrenia can be classified as either being _____ (behavioral excesses, including hallucinations and delusions) or _____ (behavioral deficits, including lack of motivation, inability to feel pleasure).

physiological theories of schizophrenia have involved the neurochemistry of the brain and structural abnormalities. high doses of _____ increase dopamine activity and produce psychotic behaviors.

one of the drugs used in treating psychosis is _____ also known as chlorpromazine.

thorazine works by blocking _____ and is more successful in treating positive symptoms.

one of the side effects of thorazine is _____ _____, involuntary movements due to increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors in movement areas of the brain.

newer _____ neuroleptics such as clozaril and risperidone block dopamine less and also have an influence on the transmitters _____ and _____.

the glutamate theory states that _____ glutamate is involved in schizophrenia. this theory is supported by the fact that _____ inhibits glutamate activity and causes symptoms similar to schizophrenia and atypical neuroleptics work by increasing glutamate activity.

_____ neuroleptics are better than older neuroleptics such as thorazine in treating negative symptoms.

the _____ theory states that schizophrenics have less activity in the frontal lobes

one structural change in the brain of schizophrenics is enlarged _____.

prenatal factors such as exposure to viruses and birth complications contribute to these and other structural changes. rapid changes also take place during _____, the time when symptoms of schizophrenia often develop.

_____ disorder involves cycling between depression and mania.

depression which is thought to be due to biological causes is called _____.

depression which is a reaction to environmental stress is called _____ or _____.

most affective disorders are a combination of biological and psychological causes. according to the _____ theory of affective disorders, depression is associated with decreased activity of the transmitters _____ and _____.

deactivation or degradation of transmitters and take place in two ways: _____ and _____

the enzyme breaking down acetylcholine is _____, the enzyme breaking down monoamines is _____ _____.

some types of antidepressants are MAOI, which interfere with enzyme activity, _____, which block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and _____ _____ _____ _____ such as Prozac which are selective to serotonin.

the _____ _____ problem refers to the problem of explaining why increase in levels of transmitters occurs immediately but alleviation of symptoms can take weeks.

a treatment used as the last resort for severe depression is _____, formerly referred to as shock therapy.

a main drug used to treat bipolar disorder is _____

phototherapy or light therapy would be used to treat _____.

anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, panic and OCD. some anxiety disorders can be treated with _____ such as valium and librium.

benzodiazepines increase the activity of the inhibitor transmitter _____.

OCD is related to a number of disorders and is treated using antidepressants that block _____ reuptake.

one brain structure involved in both Tourette's and OCD is the _____ _____.

in _____ there are cognitive deficits including memory problems.

in alzheimer's the _____ pathways degenerate.

other factors playing a role in alzheimers are genetics, amyloid protein and the presence of plaques and tangles.

the mad hatter had _____ poisoning.

boxers suffer from _____ _____ syndrome

list atleast 5 causes of dementia:

alzheimers is just one of many causes of _____.