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a fetus with XX chromosomes will normally develop female gonads or _____.
ovaries
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a fetus with XY chromosomes will normally develop male gonads or _____ which secrete the hormone _____.
testes, testosterone
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a fetus with XY chromosomes will not develop male internal reproductive structures unless there are two substances present. these are _____ to develop the male structures and _____ to inhibit the development of the female system.
testosterone, MIH (mullerian inhibiting hormone)
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the female system is the _____ system and the male system is the _____.
Mullerian, Wolffian
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a derivative of testosterone, _____ masculinizes the external genitalia.
dihydrotestosterone (dht)
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at puberty, the hypothalamus begins to secrete a releasing factor _____ _____ _____ which triggers the pituitary to secrete _____ and _____.
- gonadotropin releasing-factor hormone,
- FSH (follicle stimulating hormone),
- and LH (lutenizing hormone)
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hormones are gonadotropins and act on the _____ in the male and the _____ in the female.
testes, ovaries
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holds sperm during maturation
epididymis
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produces semen (2 words)
seminal vesicles
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produces semen (1 word)
prostate
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pre-ejaculatory fluid
cowper's gland
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spermatogenesis, testosterone production
testes
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tubes that sperm move through
vas deferens
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in females, the phase before ovulation is called the _____ phase
follicular
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during this phase, FSH is involved in the development of the _____, which is the egg and the surrounding cells. this _____ secretes _____.
follicle, follicle, hormones
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mid-cycle, there is a surge of LH, resulting in _____ when the egg is released from the follicle. the second phase is called the _____ phase and the _____ _____ secretes the hormones _____ and _____.
ovulation, luteal, corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone.
-
the lining of the uterus which is called the _____.
endometrium
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menstruation involves sloughing off of the uterine lining. fertilization takes place in the _____ _____.
fallopian tube
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if a female becomes pregnant, _____ is released when the blastocyst implants in the uterus.
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
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changes which take place at puberty such as breast development, acne, increased musculature etc. are _____ sex characteristics.
secondary
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_____ are individuals born with external genitalia that are either ambiguous or the reverse of the genetic sex.
pseudohermaphrodites.
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_____ _____ _____ is a genetic male born with female genitalia
androgen insensitivity syndrome
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_____ _____ _____ also known as Adrenogenital syndrome is a genetic female with a malfunctioning adrenal gland, resulting in excess prenatal androgen.
congenital adrenial hyperplasia
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in _____ _____ _____ _____ deficiency syndrome the individual lacks an enzyme needed to convert testosterone to DHT.
5 alpha reductase deficiency
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the symptoms of schizophrenia can be classified as either being _____ (behavioral excesses, including hallucinations and delusions) or _____ (behavioral deficits, including lack of motivation, inability to feel pleasure).
positive, negative
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physiological theories of schizophrenia have involved the neurochemistry of the brain and structural abnormalities. high doses of _____ increase dopamine activity and produce psychotic behaviors.
amphetamines (cocaine)
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one of the drugs used in treating psychosis is _____ also known as chlorpromazine.
thorazine
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thorazine works by blocking _____ and is more successful in treating positive symptoms.
dopamine receptors
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one of the side effects of thorazine is _____ _____, involuntary movements due to increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors in movement areas of the brain.
tardive dyskinesia.
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newer _____ neuroleptics such as clozaril and risperidone block dopamine less and also have an influence on the transmitters _____ and _____.
atypical. serotonin and glutamate
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the glutamate theory states that _____ glutamate is involved in schizophrenia. this theory is supported by the fact that _____ inhibits glutamate activity and causes symptoms similar to schizophrenia and atypical neuroleptics work by increasing glutamate activity.
decreased, PCP.
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_____ neuroleptics are better than older neuroleptics such as thorazine in treating negative symptoms.
newer (atypical)
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the _____ theory states that schizophrenics have less activity in the frontal lobes
hypofrontality
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one structural change in the brain of schizophrenics is enlarged _____.
ventricles
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prenatal factors such as exposure to viruses and birth complications contribute to these and other structural changes. rapid changes also take place during _____, the time when symptoms of schizophrenia often develop.
adolescence
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_____ disorder involves cycling between depression and mania.
bipolar
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depression which is thought to be due to biological causes is called _____.
endogenous
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depression which is a reaction to environmental stress is called _____ or _____.
exogenous OR reactive
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most affective disorders are a combination of biological and psychological causes. according to the _____ theory of affective disorders, depression is associated with decreased activity of the transmitters _____ and _____.
monoamine, serotonin and norepinephrine
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deactivation or degradation of transmitters and take place in two ways: _____ and _____
reuptake and enzymes
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the enzyme breaking down acetylcholine is _____, the enzyme breaking down monoamines is _____ _____.
acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase (MAO).
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some types of antidepressants are MAOI, which interfere with enzyme activity, _____, which block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and _____ _____ _____ _____ such as Prozac which are selective to serotonin.
tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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the _____ _____ problem refers to the problem of explaining why increase in levels of transmitters occurs immediately but alleviation of symptoms can take weeks.
time lag
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a treatment used as the last resort for severe depression is _____, formerly referred to as shock therapy.
ECT
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a main drug used to treat bipolar disorder is _____
lithium
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phototherapy or light therapy would be used to treat _____.
SAD (seasonal affective disorder)
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anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, panic and OCD. some anxiety disorders can be treated with _____ such as valium and librium.
benzodiazepines (tranquilizers)
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benzodiazepines increase the activity of the inhibitor transmitter _____.
GABA
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OCD is related to a number of disorders and is treated using antidepressants that block _____ reuptake.
serotonin
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one brain structure involved in both Tourette's and OCD is the _____ _____.
basal ganglia
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in _____ there are cognitive deficits including memory problems.
dementia
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in alzheimer's the _____ pathways degenerate.
acetylcholinergic
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other factors playing a role in alzheimers are genetics, amyloid protein and the presence of plaques and tangles.
:)
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the mad hatter had _____ poisoning.
mercury
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boxers suffer from _____ _____ syndrome
punch drunk
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list atleast 5 causes of dementia:
drugs, bacteria, viruses, carbon minocide, neurotoxins: mercury, lead, strokes, tumor, head trauma. alzheimers. huntington's. parkinsons.
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alzheimers is just one of many causes of _____.
dementia
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