Pyschology Ch. 2

a psychological state in which each person feels decreased personal responsibility for intervening. Darley and Latane reasoned that that the presence of multiple bystanders produced this in the Kitty Genovese murder.

• Curiosity
• Skepticism
• Open-mindedness

Curiosity

forming a hypothesis

Conducting research

Analyze Data, Draw Conclusions and report findings

Build a body of knowledge

A specific prediction about some phenomenon

A set of formal statements that explains how and why certain events are related to one another.

After the-Fact understanding

Disadvantage-past events usually can be explained in many ways, its hard to know which is correct.

Advantage-can provide insights

factor that can vary

defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it.

the tendancy to respond in a socially acceptable manner rather than according to how one truly feels or behaves.

which record behavior in a way that keeps participants unaware that they are being observed.

records or documents that already exist.

ethical guidelines for biomedical and behavioral research.

seeks to identify how humans and other animals behave in natural settings.

in-depth analysis of and individual, group, or event.

observing behavior as it occurs in a natural setting and attempts to avoid influencing that behavior.

one that reflects the important characteristics of the population.

every memeber of a population has an equal probablity of being chosen to participate in the survey.

graphs that show the correlation between two variables

refers to the factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.

factor that is measure by the experimenter and that may be influenced by the independent variable.

a procedure in which each participand has an equal liklihood of being assigned to any on e group within a experiment.

a procedure in which the order of conditions is varied so that no condition has an over all advantage relative to the others.

the degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions

two variables are intertwined in such a way that we cannot determine which one has influenced a dependent variable.

substance that has no pharmacological effect

People receiving a treatment show a change in behavior because of their expectations, not because the treatment itself had any specific benefit.

the unintentional ways researchers influence their participants to respond in a manner that is consistent with the researcher's hypothesis.

both the participant and experimenter are kept blind as to which experimental condition the participant is in.

results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings and conditions

process or repeating astudy to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated.

allows us to summarize and describe the characteristics of a set of data.

most frequently occurring score in a distribution.

middle score

average of scores

difference between highest and lowest scores in a distribution

takes ininto account how much each score is a distribution differs from the mean.

tells us how confident we can be in making inferences about apopulation based on findings obtained from a sample.

means that it is very unlikely that a particular finding occurred by chance alone.

statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic.