Haul in care is provided at the farm with a well stocked vet truck
True False
False
There is a connection between the economic value of a patient and its likelihood of receiving care.
True False
True
Many horses are insured and the insurance company is involved with medical decisions
True False
True
It is the job of the CVT to stock the vet truck with appropriate equipment and supplies
True False
True
Many practices send home any shipping boots, leg wraps, etc when admitting an equine patient.
True False
True
MEDICAL RECORD:
It should be started as soon as the patient arrives
True False
True
MEDICAL RECORD:
It should be complete and legible since it is a legal document
True False
True
MEDICAL RECORD:
At the very least it consists of a PE form and some type of daily note sheet
True False
True
MEDICAL RECORD:
The SOAP format is commonly taught and used in veterinary schools and should be followed in practice
True False
True
What information can you get from palpating a pulse of a normal horse?
Rate, Rhythm, and quality
HOSPITALIZED HORSE:
It is often helpful to count the respiratory rate before entering the stall
True False
True
HOSPITALIZED HORSE:
It is important to monitor the manure type and production in the stall
True False
True
HOSPITALIZED HORSE:
Taking a rectal temperature can be dangerous for the patient and you if done incorrectly
True False
True
HOSPITALIZED HORSE:
Since horses are prey animals, it can be helpful to observe them without their knowledge to see what/how they are doing
True False
True
HOSPITALIZED HORSE:
When examining a patient we are legally responsible for the safety of BOTH the patient and the client
True False
True
When taking a medical history of a patient that is sick, list four questions to ask the owner
When did this start? Has it gotten better, worse, or stayed the same? Have you treated ? What and when and did it help? Any previous illness like this happen before?
List three anatomical locations that you should use to palpate the pulse f a conscious, alert patient
Facial artery- medial aspect of the mandible transverse Facial artery- behind the eye Dorsal metatarsal artery- Back leg along the cannon bone
Why is it important to evaluate the hoof wall heat in a patient?
Possible laminitis
List the equipment needed and describe how you would safely take a temperature
Lead, halter, restrainer, lubrication, thermometer.
Lubricate the thermometer, stand next to the horse and not behind and pull the tail to the opposite side. Place the thermometer into anus tilting slightly. either hold the string or clip it to the tail. Wait 60 seconds and remove to read.
RHINO IN HORSES:
EHV-1 causes respiratory, neurologic and abortive conditions
True False
True
RHINO IN HORSES:
Most horses are infected as youngsters and carry the virus for life
True False
True
RHINO IN HORSES:
Vaccination and quarantine procedures are common preventative measures
True False
True
RHINO IN HORSES:
The kllled vaccine protects against the paralytic form
True False
False
RHINO IN HORSES:
EHV-4 causes respiratory disease
True False
True
What does EIPH stand for?
Exercised Induced Pulmonary Henorrhage
EIPH IN HORSES:
Your DVM will probably need and endoscope to DX most cases
True False
True
EIPH IN HORSES:
Usually a problem in brood mares
True False
False
EIPH IN HORSES:
Furosemide helps control the roaring sound
True False
False
EIPH IN HORSES:
Often controlled by wetting down the hay
True False
False
STREP EQUI:
There is an effective intranasal vaccine
True False
True
STREP EQUI:
Often treated with penicillin
True False
True
STREP EQUI:
Horses should be quarantined for ~1 month after treatment because they can be contagious after resolution of clinical signs
True False
True
STREP EQUI:
Easy to spread with fomites
True False
True
Which symptoms is characteristic of Equine Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?
Expiratory dyspnea
For which diseases should pregnant broodmares be vaccinated during the 5th and 7th month of gestation?
Rhinopneumoitis
What are the normal breathing sound during a respiratory exam?
Bronchiolar and Vesicular
RESPIRATORY DISEASE:
Many cases begin with bacterial pathogens that lead to viral disease
True False
False
RESPIRATORY DISEASE:
Stress is a major contributing factor
True False
True
RESPIRATORY DISEASE:
Feedlot cattle have a high incidence of respiratory disease
True False
True
RESPIRATORY DISEASE:
Coughs and sneezes are great ways to spread respiratory pathogens
True False
True
Which equine respiratory disease is/are not commonly included in a vaccine?
EIPH
BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE:
Stress plays a big role in predisposing cattle to respiratory disease
True False
True
BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE:
The viruses involved are usually the primary bug and include: BRSV, PI-3, IBR, BVD
True False
True
BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE:
There are several broad-spectrum antibiotics used and we must be aware of the withdrawl time for them
True False
True
BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE:
Common secondary bacteria include Pasteurella and E.coli
True False
False
Wat is the recommended concentration of bleach for disinfection of a stall after dismissal of a contagious LA disease?
1 cup bleach to 5 gallons of water
List and describe the two most common sites for IM injection in the horse
Neck muscles: Little triangle between the spine,esophagus, and shoulder
Semitendenosous/semimebremosous
What is the maximum volume to be injected IM in any 1 site in a 950# black, white faced, steer?
10 mL
Describe the appropriate location, signage and contents for an effective isolation stall.
Very last stall close to the door for easy in and out access. "Hot Zone" sing in the area in front and around stall. Hay, buckets, grain, grooming tools, thermometers, cleaning supplies, boots, gowns, and a stethoscope.
What are four things a CVT can do to avoid equine patients getting nosebleeds when the vet passes a stomach tube?
Lubricate the tube, good restraint, pick a smooth tube, and warm the tube up
What type of respiratory disease causes stertorous breathing?
Roarers
What are the reasons why a DVM might pass a stomach tube in a horse?
Feed/water, deliver medication, release gases/choke
What is equine thrush and how can it be prevented?
bacteria infection in the hoof of horses because of wetness: black, smells bad.
Clean hoof daily, copper tonic
List and describe two ways to get medication into a horse
Nasalgastric tube: Lubed and down left nostral carefully to stomach. Allow horse to swallow tube and administer medication
Mix it into his food
How can you tell if your needle is in the jugular and not the carotid artery?
The blood dribbles out when in the jugular vein while it spurts when in the artery
How should we evaluate GI motility? Include some comments about how it is done, how it is recorded and what is normal.
Listen to the abdomen for at least one minute counting the rumbling sounds. Grade it on a scale of 0-3
How should phone calls made to or from clients be recorded in the record?
Callers name, owners name, date and time, animal calling for, message or summary of talk, your initals
Define lymphadenopathy and tell me what it has to do with respiratory diseases
The lymph node grows so large it begins to cut off the trachea and it is caused by Equine Strangles
List three complications occasionally seen after resolution of clinical signs in a strangles case
Bastard strangles Guttural pouch infections Purpura hemorrhagica
LAMINITIS:
It can be helped with corrective shoing
True False
True
LAMINITIS:
It is often idiopathic
True False
True
LAMINITIS:
it presents as ataxia, weakness, and paralysis
True False
False
LAMINITIS:
The underlying disease should be recognized and treated
True False
True
LAMINITIS:
Usually affects the front feet and can result in the rotation of P3 through the sole of the hoof
True False
True
NAVICULAR DISEASE:
Caused by a combination of genetics, trauma, and vascular disease
True False
True
NAVICULAR DISEASE:
Common in the rear feet
True False
False
NAVICULAR DISEASE:
DX using radiology and nerve blocks
True False
True
NAVICULAR DISEASE:
Treated with isoxsuprine and corrective shoeing
True False
True
LOCKING PATELLA'S:
It can get better as the horse matures, especially if she helps him/her develop the rear leg musculature
True False
True
LOCKING PATELLA'S:
It can present as a cracking/popping of a rear leg or one that is stuck in flexion
True False
True
LOCKING PATELLA'S:
Is more common in individuals that are straight through the stifles
True False
False
LOCKING PATELLA'S:
Is caused by the medial patellar ligament hooking over the medial femoral trochlea
True False
True
LOCKING PATELLA'S:
One treatment involves the injection of iodinated products to sclerose and tighten up the patellar ligaments
True False
True
List the causes, signs, DX, TX of sole abscesses
CAUSE : Bacterial infection introduced by a stone bruiseSIGNS : Lameness, pain during foot testDX : Foot testTX : Lance and clean abscess, rest and NSAIDS
FOOT ROT:
It can lead to septic arthritis of the coffin joint
True False
True
FOOT ROT:
A disease of cattle sheep and goats
True False
True
FOOT ROT:
In cattle is the result of a skin wound that gets infects with the anaerobic bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum
True False
True
FOOT ROT:
In sheep there is a vaccine and we use foot baths and proper foot care for TX
True False
True
FOOT ROT:
It often starts with an acute lameness with interdigital swelling
True False
True
NAVICULAR BONE:
It acts as a pulley for the deep digital flexor tendon
True False
True
NAVICULAR BONE:
It is a sesamoid bone
True False
True
NAVICULAR BONE:
It is only present in the front feet
True False
False
NAVICULAR BONE:
it is painful in horses with navicular disease
True False
True
NAVICULAR BONE:
it requires careful positioning to radiograph crrectly
True False
True
BOWED TENDONS:
Affects the flexor tendons
True False
True
BOWED TENDONS:
Called a "bow" because of the shape of the affected tissues
True False
True
BOWED TENDONS:
DX and PX with ultrasonic Exam
True False
True
VALGAL ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITIES:
Most often affects the carpus
True False
True
VALGAL ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITIES:
Caused by high phosphorus, low calcium, high energy ration
True False
False
VALGAL ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITIES:
Sometimes treated with periosteal stripping surgery
True False
True
VALGAL ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITIES:
The distal limb deviates laterally
True False
True
VALGAL ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITIES:
Sometimes treated with stall rest
True False
True
Much lameness in horses is due to
Conformation
BONE SPAVIN:
It is a type of DJD
True False
True
BONE SPAVIN:
The anatomical location involved is the distal joints of the hock joint
True False
True
BONE SPAVIN:
Once the joints fuse the pain goes away
True False
True
BONE SPAVIN:
It is the same thing as windpuffs
True False
False
BONE SPAVIN:
Horses with it will be positive to the hock flexion test
True False
True
SPLINTS:
It can be caused by poor conformation
True False
True
SPLINTS:
It is periosteal or bone pain originating from the 2nd or 4th MC or MT bones
Truen
SPLINTS:
Many horses will heal up and have an old and cold non painful splint
True False
True
SPLINTS:
Oblique films are often needed to see the injury well
True False
True
T/F:
Septic arthritis is an emergency because the inflammation quickly destroys the joint cartilage
True False
True
T/F:
untreated horses with navicular disease often have long heels and short toes
True False
False
T/F:
Cortisone drugs can cause laminits in horses
True False
True
T/F:
Tendon Bows often recur in spite of appropriate treatment
True False
True
describe the clinical condition of a horse with severe acute laminitis (3)
Stretched out putting back feet under belly Hot hoof walls
Define "downer cow". List five causes
A cow that is lying down and can't get up
Low calcium low glucose mounting oberatum nerve problem Broken Pelvis
Why do we need to take a well positioned DP carpal film to help with the treatment of carpus valgus
The lines intersect at the site of the problem
What is granulating tissue?
Tissue that is healing on the inside out. Pus/dead tissue
Tell me the scientific name of ringbone
osteoarthritis
What is the anatomy involved with ringbone?
High pastern and Low coffin
What is the treatment for ring bone?
Rest and NSAIDS
Why do wobbler horses wobble?
They have a narrow cervical vertebrae canal C3-C6
What is the anatomy involved with tendon bows?
Flexor tendons
What are the clinical signs of tendon bows?
Swelling, painful
How do you DX tendon bows?
Ultrasound and plapation
What is the treatment for Tendon bows?
Rest and NSAIDS
How do foals typically get septic arthritis?
Clostridium issues septic showering from umbilicus
How do retained fetal membranes lead to the development of laminitis
bacteria
List 2 treatments recommended for septic arthritis
surgical drainage and antibiotics
VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS OF HORSES:
EEE, WEE, and WNV are disease examples for which horses are commonly vaccinated against
True False
True
VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS OF HORSES:
Horses and humans are dead end hosts
True False
True
VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS OF HORSES:
The vector is a mospuito
True False
True
VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS OF HORSES:
Treatment is simple and effective
True False
False
VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS OF HORSES:
The lay term for these conditions is sleeping sickness
True False
True
MAD COW DISEASE:
It is caused by a virus
True False
False
MAD COW DISEASE:
There is no effective treatment
True False
True
MAD COW DISEASE:
Results in a microscopic "swiss cheese" appearance to the brain and death
True False
True
MAD COW DISEASE:
Very similar to Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and CJD of people
True False
True
TETANUS:
It can be successfully prevented with appropriate use of a toxoid
True False
True
TETANUS:
Horses and humans are very sensitive to the effects of the toxin
True False
True
TETANUS:
Often presents as a flaccid paralysis due to blockage of the acetycholine at the neuromuscular junction
True False
False
TETANUS:
Results from soil contamination of a surgical site and puncture wounds
True False
True
TETANUS:
Requires an anaerobic environment in the tissue
True False
True
EPM:
Causes ataxia and paralysis
True False
True
EPM:
Is caused by a protozoan parasite that is ingest in contaminated feed or water
True False
True
EPM:
Mimics other neurologic diseases
True False
True
EPM:
It is included in the 4-way vaccine
True False
False
EPM:
Opossums and cats can transmit the parasite
True False
True
The underlying cause of ketosis in dairy cows is
energy demands of lactation
Metallic objects usually end up in which digestive compartment of the ruminant
Reticulum
What is a common clinical sign attributed to the disease caused by Clostridium botulinum ?
Flaccid paralysis
Excessive lactic acid in the rumen is caused by what?
Grain overload
AGING HORSES:
It is an estimate and subject to some level of inaccuracy
True False
True
AGING HORSES:
You will be looking at the eruption and wear of the incisors
True False
True
AGING HORSES:
Galvaynes groove is an unreliable indicator of age
True False
True
AGING HORSES:
As horses age their incisors lose the cup and become a smooth chewing surface
True False
True
AGING HORSES:
As horses age their teeth become triangular on cross section
True False
True
T/F:
wolf teeth and canine teeth are the same thing
True False
False
T/F:
EEE, WEE, VEE, and WNV are spread by mospuitoes
True False
True
T/F:
it is crucial that horses be vaccinated against tetanus
True False
True
T/F:
It is illegal for trained equine dentist to sedate patients for treatment
True False
True
T/F:
The natural reservoir for arboviruses is wild birds
True False
True
Finish Sentence:
All bloat results from
Failure to erructate
Why do beef cows rarely develop ketosis?
Not fed grain till sent to feedlot Not asked to produce a lot of milk
What does the term "caps" describe in horses and why do we care?
Baby teeth on top of adults and they can cause pain
What is the cause of CAE?
Retrovirus
List 2 ways we can prevent tetanus in horses
Vaccinate clean pasture good drainage/oxygen good clean surgery
The horse has adult central and intermediate incisors and deciduous lateral incisors. The adult teeth are in wear. How old is the horse?
4 years
What type of diet predisposes cattle to LDA?
How does polaxalene work to treat bloat?
Converts the foam into a bubble they can burp
List 3 common signs of dental disease in horses
quidding, loss of weight, and drooling
which dental surfaces need to be floated to ensure comfortable occlusion?
buccal side on the upper cheek teeth lingual side n the lower cheek teeth
Describe how a stomach tube can be both DXc and TX in a colic case
Siphon the stomach to see the contents and to release pressure
List 5 common causes of equine colic
impaction, too much grain, lipomas, twisting bowel, stones
List 5 supplies needed for a belly tap procedure
18g needle, edta tube, chlorhex, local anesthesia, restrainer
List 3 medical treatments commonly used for colic in horses
mineral oil, Ive fluids, analgesics
List 3 things to do to prevent colic
exercise, correct food, water
What causes frothy bloat in cattle?
Eating Legumes (alfalfa, clovers, vetch)
By what age are all the adult teeth in a horse?
5 years
If you have to stick a bloated cow which side you do it on?
Left
Define abomasopexy
tacking the abomasum to the wall of the abdomen
How is the estrus cycle defined?
As standing, hot, or in heat
What is the time between mature follicles?
~21 days
For how many days are mare receptive?
~1-2 days
What are the signs that a mare is in heat?
Squatting, Squeal, winking vulva, flagging, and urinating
After ovulation what happens to the follicle?
It ruptures and turns into a corpus luteum which produces progesterone
What happens to the follicle if the mare is not pregnant?
The corpus luteum regresses and she cycles back into estrous
how can you trick a mare into cycling?
increasing the daytime with lights in her stall
Define theriogenology
Study of reproduction
define colpotomy
'spaying" through the vaginal wall
Define retained fetal membranes
failure to pass the placenta by three hours post foaling
What can RFM cause?
Straining causes uterine prolapse endometeritis and laminities due to endotoxic shock
How do you treat RFM?
Uterine infusion with antibiotics prostaglandins banamine
What is wind sucking?
Where the vulva has poor conformation (weight loss with older mares) and the seal is not closing properly.
How do you treat wind sucking?
A caslicks or vulvoplasty: Suturing the top part of the vulva close, leaving an opening for urine to come out.
What causes Mastitis?
Strep. zooepidemicus
How do you treat mares that have twin foals?
if you catch it early enough you can "pop" one of the vesicles with an ultrasound guide
Define cryptorchidism
When a testicle fails to descend into the scrotum
How do you treat crptorchidism
Turn the horse into a gelding
True or false: Blood is spermicidal
True False
True
True or false: urethral process tears are caused by the mares tail hairs causing lacerations
True False
True
"Beans" are an accumulation of what?
Smegma and debris
Define necropsy
postmortem examination of a dead animal
Define autopsy
postmortem exam of a human
NECROPSY:
Define pathology
causes and development of disease
NECROPSY:
Define gross pathology
any pathlogy that is visible to the naked eye
NECROPSY:
define histopathology
microscopic tissue pathology
NECROPSY:
define lesion
a pathologic change
NECROPSY:
define pathogenesis
the sequence of evens in a disease
What are four important things to remember when it comes to necropsy's?
GET PERMISSION Identify the correct animal Do the exam in a timely fashion DO NOT FREEZE anything you want to send off to the lab
What is the fixative solution?
10% neutral buffered formalin
How long does it take for the fixative to "fix"?
12-24 hours
What are four important things to remember when it comes to tissue management?
Keep track of them label them well package correctly submit the right samples
TRUE OR FALSE:
Dull knives are more dangerous than sharp knives?
Why?
True False
TRUE
Dull knives you have to put more effort into and can cause more damage while a sharp knife will use less effort
Why don't we freeze the patient before a necropsy?
Water crystals will destroy the cell structure
What side should you position ruminants?
The left side down for the Rumen
Why are necropsy's done?
Insurance purposes
What does mean to In situ exam the abdominal contents
look at where its sitting without touching it.
Why should we examine the aorta, and the cranial celiac artery?
for signs of verminous arteritis
TRUE OR FALSE:
We do not examine the guttural pouches on a horse necropsy
True False
False
What should we do before removing the hear from the thorax?
Taking a sample from the pericardial fluid
What are we looking for in the stomach?
Bot larvae and stomach worm abscesses
TRUE OR FALSE:
LA Babies are immunologically incompetent, dependent on frequent feedings, and unable to maintain control over body temperature
True False
True
Define patent urachus
urine dripping from the umbilicus
How do you clean the umbilical area?
Spray it wil tincture of iodine, tamed iodine, or chlorhexidine
After a certain time why can't newborns receive passive transfer of antibodies?
The bowl wall closes up and will not absorb the large antibodies molecules such as IgG and IgM
How can you improve the quality of colostrum before birth?
Late pregnancy vaccines and moving the mom to the birthing pasture 1 month before for the local bug antibodies
What can cause a failure of passive transfer?
Ineffective nursing poor quality colostrum nursing too late dead/ill mom offspring deformity
How do you diagnose if the newborn has FPT or not?
using a refractometer and serum/plasma or a snap test
How much colostrum should the newborn receive?
~10-15% of its body weight
In how many hours does the newborn need to receive the colostrum?
12 hours of birth
Why do we dehorn calves?
Reduce injury to people and other livestock less space at the feed bunk reduce carcass bruising
What are the five techniques for dehorning?
caustic paste hot iron dehorners spoon/tube dehorners barnes dehorners dehorning saw
What are the four techniques for castration?
Elastor bands emasculator emasculatome pocket knife
What is the other name for the emasculatome?
Burdizzo
When are beef calves weaned?
14 months of age
when are dairy calves weaned?
0-3 days of age
Why are needle teeth removed from pigs?
They cause trauma to the piglets, the mother, and you
What injection do piglets need?
iron
Hypoxic Ischemic syndrome can lead to what?
neonatal maladjustment syndrome or dummy foals
Why should you leave the foal and the mare alone after birth?
If the foal is still attached to the umbilicus it will receive another 1.5L of blood.
what is Dr. Jeffs 1,2,3 for foals?
foal should stand by 1 hour, nurse by 2 hours, and pass meconiom by 3 hours
What three things might be vaccinated into the newborn foal?
tetanus vaccine vitamin A,D,E(fat-solubles) penicillins
TRUE OR FALSE:
Weak foals or males have difficulty passing the meconium
True False
True
When are foals weaned?
2-6 months or 3-8 months
When are males castrated?
12-24 months
What can prevent scours?
colostrum
What is scours?
neonatal diarrhea
if a drug has K 99 on it what does that mean?
Means it will work against strains with pili
What are the three things that commonly cause scours?
E. coli rotavirus coronavirus
Why do we not pursue laboratory diagnosis of scours?
The treatment is still the same