Psychology Final

An organisms awareness of its own self and surroundings

mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psycoactive drug use, hypnosis, fasting, runners high, so on

mental activities requiting focused attention that generally interfere with other ongoing activities - demanding job or learning something new

mental activities requiring minimal attention and having little impact on other activities - driving "auto pilot"

a stage of sleep marked by Rapid-eye-movement, high-frequency brain waves, paralysis of larger muscles, and dreaming

sleep serves a recuperative function, allowing organisms to repair or replenish key factors

as a part of circadian rhythms, sleep evolved to conserve energy and as a protection from predators

In Freud's psychoanalysis, interpreting the underlying true meaning of to reveal unconscious processes

According to Freud dream analysis, the surface content of a dream, which contains dream symbols that distort and disguise the dreams true meaning

The true, unconscious meaning of a dream, according to Freudian dream theory

Hobson's theory that dreams are byproducts of random stimulation of brain cells; the brain attempts to combine (or synthesize) this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, known as dreams

Dreams of an important part of information processing of everyday life

chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood or perception - caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, uppers, downers, etc

drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user of others - drug consumption is compulsive, frequent, and intense

broad term describing a compulsion to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity

mental desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by a drug

changes in bodily processes that make a drug necessary necessary for minimum daily functioning

discomfort and distress, including physical pain and intense cravings, experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs

decreased sensitivity to a drug brought about by its continuous use

psychoactive drugs that act on the CNS to suppress or slow bodily processes and reduce overall responsiveness

drugs that act on the brain and nervous system to increase their overall activity and general responsiveness

drugs that produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations

a relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes resulting from practice or experience

the process of learning associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses

learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR)

stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR)(natural response - food) without previous conditioning

unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that occurs without previous training (dogs salavatate at food)

a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest (the bell)

previously neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) now causes a conditioned response (CR)

learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that occurs because of previous repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

a classically conditioned emotional response to a previously neutral stimulus (NS) - little albert

Watson's (of little albert fame) approach that explains behavior as a result of observable stimuli (in the environment) and observable responses (behavioral actions). Watson felt that psychology must be an objective science, studying only overt behaviors without considering internal mental activity.

learned response to stimuli that are like the original conditioned stimulus (little albert's fear of white things)

leaned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli

gradual weakening or suppression of a previously conditioned response

learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences

primary - increase a response because they satisfy a biological need - food, water, sex

seconday - increase response because of learned value - money, material possessions

Positive - add a stimulus to strengthen a response

Negative - take away a stimulus to strengthen a response

every correct response is reinforced

partial - some, but not all, correct responses are reinforces ( slot machines)

reinforcement delivered for successive approximation of the desired response - teaching in steps, reinforcing each step

natrually avoiding a punisher

parent spanking a child for hitting another child - may unintentionally teach hititng

punishment that only suppresses the behavior temporarily - cars slow when near police car but speed up again

people who stay in abusive homes aquire a general sence of powerlessness and make no further attempts to escape

• 1. Feedback - provide clear and immediate
• 2. Timing - right away
• 3. Consistency

internal record or representaion of some prior even or experience