IS vocab.txt

A formal collection of people and other resources established to accomplish a set of goals

A series (chain) of activities that includes inbound logistics, warehouse and storage, production, finished product storage, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and customer service

Organizational subunits and the way they relate to the overall organization

An organizational structure in which major department head report to a president or top-level manager

An organizational structure with a reduced number of management layers

Giving employees and their managers more responsibility and authority to make decisions, take certain actions, and have more control over their jobs

A structure on major products or services

A structure centered on work teams or groups

A structure that employs individuals, groups, or complete business units in geographically dispersed areas that can last for a few week or years, often requiring telecommunications or the internet

A set of major understandings and assumptions shared by a group

The major understandings and assumptions for a business, corporation, or other organization

how for-profit and nonprofit organizations plan for, implement, and handle change

A representation of change theories that identifies the phases of change and the beset way to implement them

The adaptations to new conditions or alteration of organizational practices over time

The radical redesign of business processes, organizational structures, information systems, and values of the organization to achieve a breakthrough in business results.

Constantly seeking ways to improve business processes to add value to products and services

A model that describes the factors leading to higher levels of acceptance and usage of technology

• Technology Diffusion
• A measure of how widely technology is spread through the organization

the extent to which technology is deeply integrated into an area or department

The ability of a product (including services) to meet or exceed customer expectations

Contracting with outside professional services to meet specific business needs

Contracting for computer resources to rapidly respond to an organization�s varying workflow. Also called on-demand business and utility computing.

Reducing the number of employees to cut costs

A significant and ideally long-tern benefits to a company over its competitions

A widely accepted model that identifies five key factors that can lead to attainment of competitive advantage, including (1) the rivalry among existing competitors, (2) the threat of new entrants, (3) the threat of substitute products and services, (4)the bargaining power of buyers, and (5) the bargaining power of suppliers

An agreement between two or more companies that involves the join production and districution of goods and services

• A measure of the output achieved divided by the input required
• Return on Investment (ROI)
• One measure of IS value that investigates the additional profits or benefits that are generated as a percentage of the investment in IS technology

• The measurement of the total cost of owning computer
• equipment, including desktop computers, networks, and large computers

A support function that provides users with assistance, training, application development, documentation, equipment selection and set-up, standards, technical assistance, and troubleshooting

A miniature IS department

A process for testing skills and knowledge, which results in a statement by the certifying authority that confirms an individual is capable of performing a particular kind of job

A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate, store and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism to meet an objective

Raw facts, such as employee number, total hours worked in a week, inventory part numbers, or sales orders

A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the individual facts

A set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome

The awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision

A set of elements or components that interact to accomplish goals

Measure of what is produced divided by what is consumed

A measure of the extent to which a system achieves its goals; it can be computed by dividing the goals actually achieved by the total of the stated goals

A specific objective of the system

The activity of gathering and capturing raw data

Converting or transforming data into useful outputs

Production of useful information, usually in the form of documents and reports

Output that is sued to make changes to input or processing activities

Predicting future events to avoid problems

A single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate store, and process data into information

All the hardware, software, database, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information

Computer equipment used to perform input, processing, and output activities

The computer programs that govern the operation of the computer

An organized collection of facts and information

The electronic transmissions of signals for communications, which enables organizations to carry out their processes and tasks through effective computer networks

Computers and equipments that are connected in a building, around the country, or around the world to enable electronic communications

The world�s largest computer network, consisting of thousands of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information

An internal network based on Web technologies that allows people with an organization to exchange information and work on projects

A network based on Web technologies that allows selected outsiders, such as business partners and customers, to access authorized resources of a company�s intranet

The strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using a CBIS

Any business transaction executed electronically between companies (business-to-business), companies and consumers (business-to-business), consumers and other consumers (consumer-to-consumer), business and the public sector, and consumers and the public sector

Transactions conducted anywhere, anytime

Using information systems and the internet to perform all business-related tasks and functions

Any business-related exchange, such as payments to employees, sales to customers, and payments to supplies

An organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to record completed business transactions

A set of integrated programs capable of managing a company�s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization

An organized collected of people procedures, software, databases, and devices used to support problem-specific decision making

Organized collection of people, procedures, software, databases, and devices to create, store, share, and use the organization�s knowledge and experience

A field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of human intelligence

A system that gives a computer the ability to make suggestions and function like an expert in a particular field

The collection of data, rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed to achieve value or the proper outcome

The simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be experienced visually in three dimensions

The activity of creating or modifying business systems

Knowledge of computer systems and equipment and the ways they function; it stresses equipment and devices (hardware), programs and instructions (software), databases, and telecommunications

Knowledge of how data and information are used by individuals, groups, and organizations

Any machinery (most of which uses digital circuits) that assists in the inputs, processing, storage, and output activities of an information system

the part of the computer that consists of three associated elements: the arithmetic/logic unit, the control unit, and the register areas

the part of the CPU that performs mathematical calculations and makes logical comparisons

The part of the CPU that sequentially accesses program instructions, decodes them, and coordinates the flow of data in and out of the ALU, registers, primary storage, and even secondary storage and various output devices

A high-speed storage area in the CPU used to temporarily hold small units of program instructions and data immediately before, during, and after execution by the CPU

The part of the computer that holds program instructions and dta

The time it takes to perform the fetch-instruction and decode-instruction steps of the instructions phase

The time it takes to execute an instruction and store the results

The instruction phase followed by the execution phase

A form of CPU operation in which multiple execution phases are performed in a single machine cycle

Millions of instructions per second, a measure of machine cycle time

A series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate that affects machine cycle time

Predefined, elementary circuits and logical operations that the processor performs when it executes an instruction

Millions of cycles per second

Billions of cycles per second

A hypothesis stating that transistor densities on a single chip double every two years

Eight bits that together represent a single character of data

A form of memory in which instructions or data can be temporarily stored

A nonvolatile form of memory

A type of high-speed memory that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory

The simultaneous execution of two or more instructions at the same time

The part of the computer that speeds processing by executing specific types of instructions while the CPU works on another processing activity

A microprocessor that combines two or more independent processors into a single computer so they can share the workload and improve processing capacity

The simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster

A form of multiprocessing that speeds processing by linking hundreds or thousands of processors to operate at the same time, or in parallel, with each processor having its own bus, memory, disks, copy of the operating system, and applications

The use of a collection of computers, often owned by multiple individuals or organizations, to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem

Using a giant cluster of computers to serve as a host to run applications that require high-performance computing

Devices that store larger amounts of data, instructions, and information more permanently than allowed with main memory

A retrieval method in which data must be accessed in the order in which it is stored

A retrieval method in which data can be retrieved without the need to read and discard other data

A device used to sequentially access secondary storage data

A device used for direct access of secondary storage data

A common secondary storage medium, with bits represented by magnetized areas

A secondary storage medium; Mylar film coated with iron oxide with portion of the tape magnetized to represent bits

A method of storing data that generates extra bits of data from existing data, allowing the system to create a �reconstruction map� so that if a hard drive fails, the system can rebuild lost data

A process of storing data that provides an exact copy that protects users fully in the event of data loss

A storage device that manages less frequently needs data so that it appears to be stored entirely on tape cartridges, although some parts of it might actually be located on faster hard disks

A rigid disc of plastic onto which data is recorded by special lasers that physically burn pits in the disc

A common form of optical disc on which data, once it has been recorded, cannot be modified

A storage medium used to store digital video or computer data

Storage devices that attach to a network instead of to a single computer

The technology that provides high-speed connections between data-storage devices and computers over a network

Automation of storage using previously defined policies

Converting human-readable data into a machine-readable form

Transferring machine-readable data into the system

Capturing and editing data where it is initially created and in a form that can be directly input to a computer, thus ensuring accuracy and timeliness

Input devices that recognize human speech

A type of card that stores limited amounts of data by modifying the magnetism of tiny iron-based particles contained in a band on the card

A terminal used in retail operations to enter sales information into the computer system

A technology that employs a microchip with an antenna that broadcasts its unique identifier and location to receivers

• Pixel
• A dot of color on a photo image or a point of light on a display screen

A plasma display uses thousands of smart cells (pixels) consisting of electrodes and neon and xeon gases which are electrically turned into plasma (electrically charged atoms and negatively charged particles) to emit light

Flat display that uses liquid crystals � organic, oil-like material placed between two polarizers � to form characters and graphic images on a backlit screen

A device that can store, organize, and play digital music files

A standard format for compressing a sound sequence into a small file

A single-user computer that provides ease of portability because of its small size

A phone that combines the functionality of a mobile phone, personal digital assistant, camera, Web browser, e-mail tool, and other devices into a single handheld devce

A computer small enough to be carried easily

A low-cost, centrally managed computer with essential but limited capabilities and no extra drives, such as a CD or DVD drive, or expansion slots

A relatively small, inexpensive, single-user computer that is highly versatile

A more powerful personal computer that is used for technical computing, such as engineering, but still fits on a desktop

A computer designed for a specific task, such as network or Internet applications

The ability to increase the capability of a computer system to process more transactions in a given period by adding more, or more powerful, processors

A server that houses many individual computer motherboards that include one or more processors, computer memory, computer storage, and computer network connections

A large, powerful computer often shared by hundreds of concurrent users connected to the machine via terminals

The most powerful computer systems with the fastest processing speeds

Sequences of instructions for the computer

The text that describes the program functions to help the user operate the computer system

The sphere of influence that serves the needs of an individual user

The software that enables users to improve their personal effectiveness, increasing the amount of work they can perform and enhancing its quality

Two or more people who work together to achieve a common goal

The sphere of influence that serves the needs of workgroup

The sphere of influence that serves the needs of the firm in its interaction with its environment

A set of computer programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs

The heart of the operating system, which controls the most critical processes

The elements of the operating system that allows you to access and command the computer system

A user interface that requires you to give text commands to the computer to perform basic activities

An interface that uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to the computer system

An interface that allows applications to make use of the operating system

Programs that help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer system

Software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data

A modular method of developing software and systems that allows users to interact with systems, and systems to interact with each other

a company that provides software, support, and the computer hardware on which to run the software from the user�s facilities over a network

A service that allows businesses to subscribe to Web-delivered business application software by paying a monthly service charge or a per-use fee

A collection of single application program packages in a bundle

Software that supports teamwork, whether in one location or around the world

A set of integrated programs that manage a company�s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization

Set of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements by which humans can communicate instructions to be executed by a computer

A set of rules associated with a programming language

A special software program that converts the programmer�s source code into the machine-language instructions consisting of binary digits

A software license that permits only one person to use the software, typically on only one computer

Software that is freely available to anyone in a form that can be easily modified

Software that is very inexpensive or free, but whose source code cannot be modified

A basic building block of information, consisting of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numeric digits, or special symbols

Typically a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity

A collection of related data fields

A collection of related records

Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases

A generalized class of people, places, or things for which data is collected, stored, and maintained

A characteristic of an entity

The specific value of an attribute

A field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record

A field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record

An approach whereby separate data files are created and stored for each application program

An approach whereby a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs

A way of organizing data in which the logical database design is altered so that certain data entities are combined, summary totals are carried in the data records rather than calculated from elemental data, and some data attributes are repeated in more than one data entity to improve database performance

A diagram of data entities and their relationships

Data modeling done at the level of the entire enterprise

Data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data

A database model that describes data in which all data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, which are the logical equivalent of files

The allowable value for data attributes

Manipulating data to eliminate rows according to certain criteria

Manipulating data to eliminate columns in a table

Manipulating data to combine two or more tables

Data manipulation that combines two or more tables using common data attributes to form a new table with only the unique data attributes

The process of looking for and fixing inconsistencies to ensure that data is accurate and complete

A description of the entire database

A collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database

A detailed description of all the data used in the database

A method of dealing with a situation in which two or more people need to access the same record in a database at the same time

The commands that are used to manipulate the data in a database

A nontechnical position responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues

A database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company�s processes, products, and customers

A subset of a data warehouse

An information-analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse

A form of data mining that combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events, such as failure product sales or the probability that a customer will default on a loan

The process of gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business strategy, tactics, or operations

One aspect of business intelligence limited to information about competitors and the ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics, and operations

The steps an organization takes to protect information sought by �hostile� intelligence gatherers

A database in which the data can be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices

A database that holds a duplicate set of frequently used data

Software that allows users to explore data from a number of perspectives

A database that stores both data and its processing instructions

A group of programs that manipulate an object-oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs

A DBMS capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data

Any material substance that carries an electronic signal and serves as an interface between a sending device and a receiving device

A set of rules that governs the exchange of information over a communications medium