4 parts of normal neuromuscular function in breathing
chemoreceptors
resp centers
perpheral nerves
resp muscles
Respond to oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
Signal the respiratory centers in the brain stem
chemoreceptors
Control the rate and depth of breathing
resp centers
Conduct impulses from the respiratory centers to the respiratory muscles
peripheral nerves
chemoreceptors transmit impulses to the
respiratory centers
chemoreceptors located in the
great vessels peripherally and in the brain stem centrally
central chemoreceptors located in the
ventral surface of the medulla
impermeable layer of cells that separates the blood from the brain
Blood Brain Barrier
resp centers located in multiple areas within the
medulla and pons in the brain stem
3 types of perpheral nerves
phrenic
intercostal
abdominal wall
Nerves leave the spinal canal, travel through the neck and into the mediastinum, then over the pericardium, and insert into the diaphragm on either side of the heart
C3 to C5
phrenic nerve
Arise from the spinal cord at levels T1 to T12
Lie under each rib
intercostal nerve
Arise from the spinal cord at levels T7 to L1
abdomincal wall nerves
Diaphragm contracts → pushes down abdominal contents → pressure in the chest drops → causes air to rush in through the trachea → lungs inflate
resp muscles
Largest inspiratory muscle
diaphragm
Used during heavy exercise in healthy persons
Used at rest in those with compromised diaphragmatic function
scalene muscles
Used during heavy exercise in healthy persons
Used at rest in those with compromised diaphragmatic function