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Know the Electromagnetic Spectrum, the visible light spectrum, and which
colors have the longest waves
- Visible Light
- Radient Energy
- Visible electromagnetic radiation
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Arrangement of waves according to wavelengths
- and frequencies
- Gamma Rays, X-rays, UV Radiation, Visible Light, IR Radiation, Microwaves, Radio Waves
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Know the formula for frequency and wavelength
- Wavelength= Speed of Light
- Frequency
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Know the characteristics of light and how it behaves
- Travels like a wave, strikes like a particle
- Longer wavelengths bend more around objects
- Constructive and destructive
- Photons
- Stream of light particles which exerts a force
- called “radiation pressure”
- Red light= low energy, Violet light=high energy
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What is a pulsar?
A spinning neutron star that radiates short bursts/pulses of radio energy
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Know the life cycles of low-mass, medium, and high mass stars and how they
differ
Low: Nebula, Protostar, Main Sequence Star, White Dwarf, Black Dwarf
Medium: Nebula, Protostar, Main Sequence, Red Giant, Nebula, White Dwarf, Black Dwarf
Massive: Nebula, Protostar, Main Sequence, Red Supergiant, Supernova, Neutron Star OR Black Hole
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Which stars go to supernova?
Massive
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Understand how energy is created in our sun
- · Atmospheric molecules of dust/ gas change direction of solar radiation
- · Earth’s surface re-radiates heat as IR radiation
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Know how galaxies are grouped
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Know the Nebular Theory and the Big Band Theory
· Big Bang - o Expanding Universe
- o 13.7 billion years ago
- · Nebular Theory
- o Sun and planets formed from rotatating disk of dust/ gas
- o Speed of rotation increases and center of area
- flattens out and matter is more concentrated in center when sun forms
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Why was Copernicus
important?
·1473-1543 - · First to say Earth is a planet and the Sun is the Universe
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Know the differences between terrestrial and Jovian planets
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According to the IAU, what must a planet do?
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Know difference between comets, meteors, meteorites, and the composition
of each one
·Comets - o Outside Neptune, pulled towards Sun, and they are very regular short comets, made of water, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, monoxide
- · Meteors/ Meteorites
- o Meteors pieces of space that fall to Earth
- o Friction heats them up and burns them away
- o Meteorites- Meteors that don’t completely burn up and hit the ground
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Know the difference between lunar and solar eclipses
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Understand Newton’s first law of motion
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What is the difference between a spring tide and a neap tide?
· Spring- 2 every month o Tides with greatest tidal range due to alignment - of Earth, moon, and sun
· Neap- 2 every month o Lowest tidal range, occurs during the first and - third quarter of the moon phases
o Earth, moon, and sun make a right angle
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Know the formula for universal gravitation
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Understand the gravity formula
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Know the layers
that make up Earth’s interior
· Crust, lithosphere, mantle, Asthenosphere, core
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Know the
continental drift hypothesis and why scientists rejected it
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Know and understand the mechanism that drives the theory of plate
tectonics and the source of heat in the Earth
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Know plate tectonics and the features they form
· Divergent- plates move apart o Creates rift valleys · Convergent- plates push together o Creates trenches, volcanoes, and mountain ranges · Transform- plates slide against each other o Creates faults
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Know the differences between mid ocean ridges and subduction zones
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Know the earthquake terms: focus and epicenter
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Know the difference between P and S waves and how each one travels
· P Waves o Compressional Waves o Move 2x faster than S Waves o Move through solids/ liquids · S Waves o Transverse Waves o Move at a right angle o Only travel through solids
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Know the three faults and the stress that causes them and the three folds
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What determines HOW
a volcano erupts?
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Know the three types of volcanism
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Know the types of volcanoes and how each is formed
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Know intrusive igneous rock features
· Pluton- structures result from cooling and - hardening of magma under Earth’s surface
· Sill- Forms where magma flows · Dikes- magma from large chamber moves into - fractures
· Batholiths- largest body of intrusive igneous - rock
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What is the evidence for the Big Bang?
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How do astronomers classify stars?
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Know the three types of rocks
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What era contains 88% of Earth’s history?
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What happened during the Carboniferous period?
· Coal swamps forests developed in wet tropical - regions
· First reptiles appeared · Africa collided with N. America to create - Appalachian Mtns.
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Know the periods during the Paleozoic Era
Cambrian, Crdovcian, Silurian, and Pevonian
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Know why the sun or any star remains stable
Outward pressure and inward gravity
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What % of time do stars remain in the main sequence stage?
90%
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Know the difference between a red shift and a blue shift
- Red Shift- light waves stretched, Earth/ Source moving away
- Blue Shift- light waves cramped, Earth/ Source moving towards each other
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Know the phases of the moon, which is waxing, which is waning
- Waxing- light comes from right moves to left
- Waning- light shrinks from left to right
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Understand Inertia which has more, a person or a house
A house has more inertia
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Know kinds of light interference
Constructive, Destructive
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Know shape of planets orbit
Elliptical
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Know why planets remain in orbit around the sun
An object falling from a position at rest falls in a vertical straight line. A object falling curves
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Know the three types of boundries
Transform, Convergent, Divergent
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What two types of forces shape the Earth?
Constructive, Destructive
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Know the process of erosion
Wind, water, gravity
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Know the principles of horizontality, Cross cutting relations, and superposition
- Horizontality- Gravity forces rock layers to be flat
- Cross Cutting Relations- Igneous rock that cuts across another rock unity that must be younger than surrounding rocks
- Superposition- rocks aged from oldest (bottom) to youngest (top)
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How long is carbon dating good for?
75,000 years
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What gases were present at Earth's beginning?
Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Water vapor
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When did mammoth's disappear?
10,000 years ago
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What does cenzoic mean?
Recent life/ age of mammals
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