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Name the major regions & organs of the digetive system.
Oral cavity, pharnyx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, & large intestines.
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Name the accessory organs of the digestive system.
Salivary glands, liver, pancreas & gall bladder
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Name the layers of the digestive tract (beginning with the innermost layer).
Mucosa, submocusa, musculari extrena, serosa & adventitia
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What are the regions of the small intestines, what are their appromixal lengths?
- Duodenum (10-12 inches)
- Jejunum (8 feet)
- Ileum (12 feet)
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Name the regions of the large intestines.
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, & rectum.
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Where are the gastric pits located?
At the opening (superficial) to the gastric glands.
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Where are the gastric glands located?
They extend deep into the lamina propria.
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Name the structures of the stomach.
Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus/pyloric sphincter, & rugae.
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What controls the shape of lumen?
What type of function is this?
- The ANS does the controlling
- This is an example of an involuntary function
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What type of tissue makes up the submucosa?
Dense irregular connective tissue.
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What structures are found within the submucosa?
Large blood, lymph vessels & glands. Brunners glands, peyers patches & parasympathetic ganglion.
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How are the two muscle layers of the muscularis externa arranged?
These muscles are arranged in two thin concentric layers; circularis and longitudinal.
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What is the primary function of the serosa layer?
Protection
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What areas of the digestive system do not have a layer of serosa?
Esophagus, oral cavity, pharnyx, & rectum.
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What layer does the serosa cover?
The muscularis externa.
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What is the function of the adventitia layer?
Holds structures in place.
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What type of tissue makes up the adventitia?
- Dense connective tissue
- Collagen
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Name the valves of the small intestines.
Pyloric, & ileo-cecum.
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What is the function of the stomach?
Mechanical break down of food.
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What is the function of the small intestines?
Digestion, & absorption of 90% of nutrients.
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What is considered the major digestive organ?
Small intestines.
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What is the function of the large intestines?
Reabsorption of water, electrolytes & vitamins. Compaction of contents into feces, & storage & defection.
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Name the salivary glands.
Parotid, sublingual, & submandibular
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How many salivary glands are there?
3 pairs, 6 total
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What is the function of the salivary glands?
Dissolves carbohydrates, flushes mouth, & moisture/lubrication.
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Name the digestive enzyme of the parotid salivary glands.
Salivary amylase
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Name the largest visceral organ.
Liver
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What is the basic functional unit of the liver?
The liver lobule
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What are mucosa folds called?
Plicae
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What is the function of Plicae?
Increases surface area
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Where is rugae located?
In the mucosa layer of the stomach
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What is the function of the rugae?
Allows for expansion of the gastric lumen.
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What is chyme?
A soupy mixture, which is the result of ingested substances mixing with acids & enzymes.
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What two areas of the digestive system does the pylorus connect?
The body of the stomach & duodenum.
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What muscle regulates the release of chyme into the duodenum?
Pyloric sphincter
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The visceral peritoneum covering the outer surface of the stomach is continous with what?
The greater omentum.
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What does the greater omentum form?
A large pouch that hangs like an apron.
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What is the function of the greater omentum?
Provides protection & insulation that reduces heat loss to the abdomen.
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What tissue lines all regions of the stomach?
Simple columnar epithelium.
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What does the mucous layer in the stomach protect?
Protects the epithelium against the acids & enzymes in the gastric lumen.
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What does the epithelium in the stomach produce?
A carpet of mucus that covers the luminal surfaces of the stomach.
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What does the mucosa of the small intestines form?
Intestinal villi
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What is each villus covered with?
Simple columnar epithelium.
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What are the apical surfaces of the epithelial cells in the small intestines carpeted with?
Microvilli.
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What sits at the base of the villus in the small intestines?
Entrances to the intestinal crypts.
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What structure of the small intestines encloses the pancreas?
Duodenum
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Which area of the small intestines is considered the mixing bowl?
Duodenum
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Almost all essential digestive enzymes enter the small intestines from which accessory digestive organ?
Pancreas
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Where does the ileum end?
The ileocecal valve/sphincter
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Each villus of the small intestines contains what terminal lymphatic?
Lacteal
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What materials do the lacteals transport?
Large lipids & protein complexes
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What is another name for Brunners glands?
Duodenal submucosa glands
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Brunners glands produce what?
Large quantites of mucus.
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What is the purpose of mucus in the duodenum?
Mucus contains buffers that help to elevate the PH of the chyme.
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What structures meet at the duodenal ampulla?
The common bile duct from the liver & gall bladder & the pancreatic duct from the pancreas.
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What is the duodenal ampulla?
A muscular chamber
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Where are peyers patches located?
In the termianl portion of the ileum, near the entrance to the large intestines.
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Where is the appendix located?
Attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum.
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Where is the Haustra located?
Wall of the colon.
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What is the Haustra?
A series of pouches.
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What is the function of the Haustra?
They permit distention & elongation.
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What is the taeniae coli?
3 longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle.
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Where is the taeniae coli located?
On the outer surfaces of the colon just beneathe the serosa.
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What are hepatocytes?
Liver cells
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Name the two blood vessels that deliver blood to the liver.
Hepatic artery proper & hepatic portal vein.
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How much blood arrives from the hepatic artery?
Roughly 1/3 while the remainder 2/3 arrives via the hepatic portal vein.
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From the liver how does blood return to the systemic circuit?
Through the hepatic vein that opens into the inferior vena cava.
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Name the three functions of the liver?
Metabolic, hematological, & digestive.
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Where are kupffer cells located?
Within the sunusoidal lining of the liver lobule.
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What type of cells are kupffer cells?
Phagocytic
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Where does blood enter the liver sinusoids?
From the small branches of the portal vein & hepatic artery.
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Where is the the triad located?
One at each of the six corners of the liver lobule.
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What three structures does the triad consist of?
A branch of the hepatic portal vein, a branch of the hepatic artery proper & a small branch of the bile duct.
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Where/how does blood exit the sinusoids?
It enters the central vein of the lobule. The central vein merges to form the hepatic veins that empty into the inferior vena cava.
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What two structures unite to create the common bile duct?
The common hepatic duct & the cystic duct.
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Where is the sphincter of oddi located?
The duodenum
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What does the contraction of the sphincter of oddi prevent?
Seals off the passageway from the common bile duct to the duodenum. Preventing bile from entering the small intestines.
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Where/how do the pancreatic enzymes enter the duodenum ampulla?
Via the large pancreatic duct.
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What does the pancreatic acini release into the duodenum?
A mixture of water, ions & pancreatic digestive enzymes.
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Name the four pancreatic enzymes.
Lipases, carobhydrases, nucleases & proteolytic enzymes.
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Lipases digest what materials?
Lipids
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What do carbohydrases digest?
Sugar & starches
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Nucleases digest what?
Nucleic acids
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Proteolytic enzymes digest what materials?
Breaks apart proteins.
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