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Anatomy
Study of body structures in any level
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Physiology
Study of functions of organ/structure (all processes)
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Pathology
Study of disease processes
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Disease
Any condition that is other than normal (abnormal lab value, clinical signs and symptoms)
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Homeostasis
State of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body regulated by complex mechanism
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Congenital
Disease or defect present at birth, developed in uterus. Can apparent immediately or remain latent until later
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Hereditary
Disease transferred from genes of parent(s) to genes of child
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Chromosomal
Improper cell division
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Developmental
Cells in the fetus don’t migrate to the proper location, structures fuse or divide improperly
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Teratogens
Environmental factors that affect the fetus in uterus, causing chromosomal or developmental abnormalities
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Trauma
Physical injury caused by an external force
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Trauma types
Acceleration-Deceleration, cuts and punctures, poisons and radiation, burns
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Infection
Invasion of the body by a foreign organism, in favorable conditions for organism it will multiply and damage cells and tissue
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Infection agents
Bacteria, virus, fungus and parasites
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Idiopathic
Disease with unknown or uncertain cause
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Atrophy
Disuse or wasting of tissue, cell size decrease, shrinking of organ
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Hypertrophy
Increasing of cell size, enlarging of organ
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Hyperplasia
Increasing of cell number, enlarging of organ
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Dysplasia
New abnormal cell growing
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Necrosis
Injured or damaged cell death
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Benign
Localized tumor, will not invade the organ, will not spread to other organs
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Benign neoplasm (tumor)
Slow rate of growth, well encapsulated, is not invading, compressing the tissue, will not reoccur after removal, cold spot
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Fibroma
Tumor composed of connective tissue
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Myoma
Tumor composed of muscle (common in the uterus, called Fibroma because of a connective tissue covering
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Lipoma
Tumor composed of fat (common under the skin)
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Papilloma
Tumor composed of epithelial tissue (grows from the lining of organs, polyp of GB, wart of skin)
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Adenoma
Tumor composed of glandular epithelial tissue (can be found in liver, kidneys, pancreas, breast)
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Cystadenoma
Serous or mucinous fluid secreted by epithelial tissue that becomes cystic (commonly found in ovaries)
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Malignant
Invasive tumor that destroys the host tissue, spreads to other organs resulting in death of the organism
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Malignant neoplasm (tumor)
Fast rate of growth, not well encapsulated, invades to host tissue, spreads to distant organs, can reoccur after removal, hot spot
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Carcinoma
General term given to cancers composed of epithelial tissue
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Sarcoma
Composed of connective tissue (more common in children and young adults)
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Teratoma
Tumor of mixed tissues, malignant form of neoplasm
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Blastoma
Describing tumor in a child
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Metastases
Spreading of malignant tumor, can be spread via blood, lymph or by direct contact with adjacent tissue.
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Original tumor
Primary cancer
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Metastatic tumor
Secondary cancer
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Redness
Increased blood supply to the area (Color)
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Swelling
Fluids released into the tissue to dilute toxic agents (Tumor)
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Heat
Tissue temperature increase because of increased blood supply, leads to fever (Calor)
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Pain
Pain can be localized or referred to another area in the body (Dolor)
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Loss of function
Ultimate result of inflammation, this can be reversed (Pallor)
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Total healing
No permanent damage
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Immune response
After the body is exposed to infection, body is building resistance to future infections
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Scar tissue
Formation of fibrous or scar tissue, can affect tissue function if its big
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Recurrence
If disease condition repeats its termed CHRONIC
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Hematoma
- Healing process may result in hematoma formation; it’s a blood-filled tumor or blood clot. (sonographically appears like a cyst)
- Abscess Infections usually are leading to abscess formation, localized pus collection. It is caused by pyogenic collection
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Gangrene
Necrosis cases, if considerable amount of tissue is affected its termed Gangrene. Gangrene will spread to adjacent tissue and must be excised (surgically removed) before healing will take place
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