chapter 6 and 9

the everyday landscapes that people create in the course of their lives

representations of particular values or aspirations that the builders and financiers of those landscapes want to impact to a larger public

landscapes that have experienced abandonment, misuse, disinvestment, or vandalism

places the individual especially individual values, meanings systems, intentions, and conscious acts at the centre of analysis

the idea that landscapes can be read and written by groups and individuals

culturally determined standard of beauty and good taste

a landscape design inspired by 18th century landscape painters in the Romantic tradition

a landscape so impressive that it inspires awe or wonder

the persistent attachment of individuals or peoples to specific location or territory

the scientific study of the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs

the study of the social and cultural meaning that people give to personal space

feeling evoked among people as a result of the experiences and memories that they associate with a place and the symbolism they attach to it

the emotions and meanings associated with particular places that have become significant to individuals

the practice of writing and reading signs

a forward -looking view of the world that emphasizes reason, scientific rationality, creativity, novelty, and progress

a view of the world that emphasizes an openness to a range of perspectives in social inquiry, artistic expression, and political empowerment

an intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent experiences, images, and products from different cultures

the state's power to control space or territory and shape the foreign policy of individual states and international political relations

the delimited area over which a state exercises control and that is recognized by other states

a group of people often sharing common elements of culture such as religion or language or a history or political idenity

an ideal from consisting of homogenous group of people or a history or political identity

the exercise of state power over people and territory recognized by other states and codified by international law

an 18th century european movement that sought to replace ideas of authority or explanation drawn from God with those that individual humans could establish through their own reasons

forces that integrate the state

forces that can lead to the disintegration of the state

a group of people who believe that hey share a common bond and thus are part of the same nation

a group made up of emigrants from a particular homeland who maintain their cultural, political, and economic ties with each other, despite having been dispersed across many countries

international communities of peoples across international boundaries

the difference made between the colonizing states of the Northern Hemisphere and the formerly colonized states of the Southern Hemisphere

the acquisition of control by colonized peoples over their own territory

communist and noncommunist countries, respectively

the belief that if one country in a region chose or was forced to accept a communist political and economic system, then neighbouring countries would be irresistibly susceptible to falling to communism

a group that includes two or more states seeking political or economic cooperation with each other

collections of individual states with a common goal that may be economic and/ or political in nature; such organizations diminish, to some extent individual state sovereignty in favour of the group interests of the membership

the right of a group with a distinctive politico-territorial identity to determine its own destiny, at least in part, through the control of its own territory

a feeling of collective identity based on a population's politico-territorial identification within a state or across state boundaries

a system in which public politics and officials are directly chosen by popular vote

a system of government formally structured by area, not by social groups

a form of government in which power is concentrated in the central governmnet

a grouping of independent jurisdictions such as provinces into larger unit that is given separate powers

a form of government in which powers are divided between the federal government and smaller units of government such as provinces with in a country

the process of allocating electoral seats to geographical areas

the defining and redefining of territorial district boundaries

the practice of redistricting for partisan purposes

a scarcity of renewable natural resources that if not addressed by technological, social , or economic means , may cause social disruption or violent conflict