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sargon
ruler of Akkad conquered neighboring city - states of sumer
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Hammurabi
The king of Babylon, took control of mesopotamia, created the hammurabi code
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codify
to write down laws
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civil law
section of law that dealt with private rights and matter ex businnes contracts, properties, taxes and marriage
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criminal law
section of law that dealt with offenses against others
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nebuchadnezzar
second king of babylon rebuilt the place
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the fertile crescent
fertile area in the middle east where mesopotamia and sumer were located
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sumerian contributions
first civilization, math and science, the wheel, calendar, buildings - ziggurats etc., number system based on 60
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cuneiform
wedge shaped script sumerian form of writing
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ziggurat
temple shaped like a pyramid but with different levels
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epic of gilgamesh
the oldest written story
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Hammurabi Code
first written set of laws based on an eye for an eye
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Mesopotamia
the land between two rivers
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Sumerian city states
Ur Uruk Eridu
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forms of writing, telling, recording
cylinder seal, cuneiform, pictographs
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how did Sumerians prosper?
trade
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votive figures
used to represent gods some were bald to protect from lice, hands clasped = immortal
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cataract
water rapids stopped people from using the river for transporation and attacking
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delta
end of the river where it split forming marsh land
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bureaucracy
different levels of government
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vizier
highest official serving the king or pharoah
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hatshepsut
the female pharoah
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new kingdom pharoahs events
ahmose brings back egyptian rule
pharoahs - thutmoses III, Hatshepsut ,Amenhotep, tutankamen, Ramses II, Ramses III
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middle kingdom
- capital is at thebees
- ruled by invading hyskos
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old kingdom
- age of pyramids capital is at memphis
- Narmer(Mense) unified egypt
- eventual decline
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the gift of the nile
rich soil and irrigation(water)
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view of after life
weighed the heart they produced mummies and buried them in tombs
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pyramids
- tombs for the great pharoahs
- took 20 years to build
- very precise
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hieroglyphics
ancient egyptian form of writing
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barter economy
exchanged one good for another
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money economey
goods are paid for by a token of an agreed amount
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zoroaster
the persian thinker
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colony
a territory settled and ruled by people from another land
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alphabet
a writing system in which each symbol represents a single basic sound such as a consonant or vowel
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mesopotamia
a region in the fertile crescent meaning between the rivers
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sumer
the world's first civilization in a region in Sumer
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Piankhi
the 1st black pharoah
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bantu
a west african language
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torah
first five books of the old testament
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Cyrus
founded the persian empire
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Darius I
built the royal road
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Zoroaster
a persian prophet
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Ahura Mazda, Ahriman
The god of good and the god of evil in zoroastrianism
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Tyre
the main city in Phoenicia
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desertification
the growing of deserts
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Diaspora
the spreading of the jewish people
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David
united the twelve tribes of Israel
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sub continent
land projecting out from a continent
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plateau
a raised area of flat land
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monsoon
seasonal winds blowing part of the year summer ones bring water and winter ones bring cold dry air
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harrapa and Mohenjo -daro
the 2 main cities in the Indus Valley Civilization
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Veneration
a special regard for cattle
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vedas
a collection of religious techniques
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rajah
the chief of aryan tribes
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indra
the chief aryan diety
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Brahman Nerguna
a single spiritual power
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Mystics
people who seek direct communication with divine forces
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acculturation
the blending of cultures
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Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
creator, preserver, and destroyer indian gods
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vaisyas
lent money, farmed, traded, and took care of land
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caste system
- brahman and kshatriyas - priests warriors and rulers
- vaisyas - common people merchants, artisans, and farmers
- sudras - unskilled laborers
- pariahs - slaves, people who perform unclean tasks(untouchables)
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maksha
a uniun with brahma
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reincarnation
rebirth of a soul in another form
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karma
what you do in your life affects your next life
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dharma
religious + moral duties of a person
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caste system
social groups into which people are born and can not be changed only rarely
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siddartha guatama
a reformer
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four noble truths
- all life is sorrow
- the cause of sorrow is desire
- we can stop our sorrow by stopping desire
- the way to do this is the 8fold path
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8fold path
- right knowledge
- right mindfulness
- right intentions
- right speech
- right behavior
- right meditations
- right effort
- right livelihood
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nirvana
the final goal - to no longer be reincarnated
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sect
2 sects of Buddhism/groups
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upanishads
philosophical texts of the Hindus
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Chandragupta Maurya
forged the first Indian empire
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Dissent
ideas opposing the governments
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asoka
the most honored maurya emperor
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missionary
people sent on a religious misson
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golden age
period of great cultural achievement
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decimal system
developed by Indians based on 10 digits
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joint family
parents, children, and their offspring all share a common dwelling
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dowry
payment to the groom and finances the wedding
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loess
fine windblown yellow soil
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clan
a group of families who claim a common ancestor
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dynastic cycle
rise and fall of dynasties
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feudalism
was a system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other forms of support to their ruler
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confucious
thinkers who put forth ideas on how to restore order and maintain harmony with nature
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laozi
created daoism main philosophy was yin yang
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philosophy
- system of ideas
- does not talk about the gods
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filial piety
- respect for parents
- confucious valued this
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oracle bone
- bones or turtle shells were priests wrote questions for the gods
- later on used to tell the future
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calligraphy
en elegant art form of writing
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Shi Huangdi
the first chinese emperor in 221 B.C.
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Wudi
most famous Han emperor took China to new heights 141 B.C. to 87 B.C.
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Monopoly
- the complete control of a product or businnes by one person or group
- There was a monopoly of silk
- the government had a monopoly of Iron and Salt
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Expansionism
expanding a countries territory
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Civil Servants
officials in the government
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Warlords
Local Military Rulers
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Acupuncture
medical treatment with needles
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