ANT final

Sign systems and the meanings that are associated with them are:

In the film on Body Language that we saw three heads of state sitting together. Which of the three exhibited the most powerful body language?

While there are many definitions and descriptions of culture, the lecturer contrasted two general types, those dealing with:

A meme can be seen as

Most of the Nacirema people can be said to live

Which of the following is not an expression of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:

Linguistic competence is to performance as:

If it weren’t for language:

Words do not really possess meaning:

There are three major sign types according to the lecturer:

According to Hymes scheme, the speech act can be seen to have

Shared interaction, shared knowledge, and shared attitudes are three different foci for definitions of:

People in dense speech networks

We learn:

Language is, according to Burling,

Burling feels that humans have

Burling’s “quotable gestures” are

Which of the following is/are not a “design feature of language” from Hockett’s article:

Arbitrariness with respect to language structure generally means that

In comparing the genetic code in DNA, where 4 kinds of nucleotides are combined into sixty-four kinds of codons which can be strung into an unlimited number of genes, Stephen Pinker is referring to

Robin Dunbar makes the point(s) that

Robin Dunbar says that:

Who wrote the article in our reader called The Orality of Language?

Voice set, voice qualities, and vocal segregates are part of the communicative system known as:

Vocal segregates include:

Kinesics in communication includes:

The study of haptics in communication includes:

Adam Kendon and others have classified gestures and included the following categories:

The phonemes of a language are:

Prosodic features of language, also called suprasegmentals, operate primarily on the vowel nucleus, often affect or differentiate meanings, and include

Syntax is (the study of):

Close matching between movements of a speaker and movements of a listener is called

Whereas high-status people tend to enlarge the appearance of their bodies, low-status individuals tend to limit their body images by lowering their heads and keeping their legs together and their arms close to their bodies.

One expression of the Sapir – Whorf hypothesis is that

Whorf contrasted Hopi with English and concluded that Hopi and English have different ways of conceptualizing:

People bring to their social encounters a repertory of knowledge and understandings of their culture as expressed through their language. Some, but never all, of this will also be in the repertories of their interlocutors. This repertory has been called

The word ‘man’ as in the English sentence “Man is the only creature having language” is:

When one says “This business needs some new blood” (and it isn’t someone in a bloodbank speaking), then they are using a figure of speech known as

Of three presumed basic types of writing systems, it is generally thought that they evolved in the following order

Which sociologically constructed model has literacy distinguishing between “primitive” and “civilized”?

One “invented” literacy is that of :

B.L. Whorf began his essay on the relationship of language to habitual behavior by explaining how

Whorf claims that

According to Whorf, the Hopi microcosm seems to have analyzed reality largely in terms of

People of the Trobriand Islands, according to Dorothy Lee, probably:

Trobriand language

Lakoff and Johnson view the following as conceptual metaphor based on linguistic evidence:

Levinson calls the widespread presumption in cognitive sciences that language is essentially innate:

John Hotchkiss sees children as

When a child in Teopisca returns from an errand:

In the film Do You Speak American: Out West, Cliff Nass said that hearing a mismatch between one’s voice (including accent) and one’s physical appearance leads to

One of several definitions of context we have discussed is

In the film American Tongues it was maintained that a person’s accent is

The film American Tongues illustrated the fact that there are

Transition to sentential speech in some hypothetical pre-hominid ancestor must have involved:

Locating contextual items without actually naming them is done by members of a speech category called

The following are demonstrable characteristics of form and function in language:

The greater the psychological difference, or distance, between communicating individuals, the greater the need for

Back-channel cues are

Reciprocal use of TLN or FN in the US references the social dimension of

Use of first name in US address underlyingly means

Non-reciprocal use of the 2nd person pronoun in Romance languages and China stresses:

An illocutionary act is the act performed in saying something; here the focus is on:

Broadcast transmission and directional reception of messages, according to Hockett is characteristic of:

Hockett singles out the ability in a communicative system of meaningless elements to pattern and in combination to form meaningful messages as important in human language. He calls this:

In conversation analysis an adjacency pair is considered to be:

Greetings, compliments, and condolences can all be thought of as

Solicitudes tend to

H.P. Grice articulated four important maxims regarding conversational ideals that can be summarized as maxims of

Lakoff suggests that when rules of pragmatic competence conflict,

To Brown and Levinson politeness is concern with face, which involves

Criticism, accusation, insults, contradictions, and boasts are said by Brown and Levinson to be FTAs to

Three social factors for speaker selection of linguistic mechanism to accomplish an FTA include

Close-knit social networks are more typical of

Social class systems are based on:

From his study of postvocalic r, Labov concluded that this variable is:

Labov concluded that crossover behavior is

Labov has conducted studies indicating that members of all classes increase their use of -r as context focused more attention on pronunciation, showing that they are aware of the same general norm giving value to -r pronouncing

In Scotland, Ronald Macauley, in a study of 5 phonological features, concluded that

One of the surprising findings of Jacquelyn Lindenfeld is that speakers are rarely able to manipulate their use of language in order to emphasize their class identity in different speech situations

According to Bernstein,

African American Vernacular English is, according to Labov:

AAVE exhibits

In AAVE (or Ebonics)

John Rickford in his article Suite for Ebony and Phonics said that

Mock Spanish as Rusty Barrett characterizes it,

Females in our society often blunt a direct statement by means of

Several studies show women's greater use of standard pronunciations, and quicker and more marked style shifting to the standard in increasingly formal speech contexts. One explanation says this is due to

When Trudgill asked them about their pronunciation, women tended to claim greater use of standard pronunciation than actually occurred in their speech whereas men tended to claim greater use of the nonstandard than actually occurred in their speech. Trudgill explained this saying that

In general, women use

Dynamic intonational patterns are interpreted by American English speakers as indicating

In Yana, a California Indian language Sapir identified men’s speech and women’s speech.

Falsetto voice is employed as a respect device used by Carib women while raised pitch is used as a respect device by men.

The nerd according to Mary Bucholtz is

The film To Make the Balance is about

The film Brain Sex singled out the following as particularly important to gender

In Madagascar, where Malagasy is spoken,

The film Brain Sex claims that there is such a thing as

Among the Kuna, according to Sherzer, each gender has occasion to employ elaborate rhetorical styles, replete with metaphor and symbolic allusions, and each uses chanting and rhythmic patterns or tunes in certain contexts, and both men and women speak directly and confidently when voicing their opinions.

The following pertain(s) to the desert dwellers studied by Grimshaw and Youssef

One calls for an individual’s attention by using

Because data presented to children by experience is replete with incomplete sentences, ungrammatical utterances, and other erroneous data, we now know that children learn their language from an inborn grammatical template that requires the child to learn what language it is exposed to, but not to analyze the data of experience, according to Susan Blum.

As children mature, their linguistic abilities include

Calling attention to contextual features by locating them with respect to the speaker is known as

The process of language learning is best viewed as

Children can generally move their bodies in synchronized rhythm with the language they hear

A film called Brain Sex discusses gendered behavior and highlights the crucial role of

At about two or three months most children begin a period in which they produce the sounds of the language they are exposed to as well as many sounds found in other languages. This is called:

Parents and other caregivers provide the developing child with language data and social contexts within which their abilities become focused and meaningful. This is called

In the film “First Contact” inhabitants of inland New Guinea are shown on film making a first contact with

In order to understand what another person is saying, you must assume it makes sense and try to imagine a scenario that can explain it in sensible terms. This is a variant of what has been called

For the developing child:

One of the first soundcontrasts learned by an English speaking child is between

Single word utterances by children around the end of the first year are often called:

Normally by the second year or earlier, the developing child’s earlier global and imagistic thought becomes more particularistic and syntactic. The earliest linguistic evidence of syntactic unpacking of images comes with

The short video promoting Incarcerex illustrates

True syntactic construction normally marks:

Synthetic thinking

When a child’s speech involves a class of relatively few words used in high frequency but not co-occurring with each other in an utterance and relatively more words of a larger class of mostly nouns and verbs that can co-occur in an utterance, we are dealing with

Melayu

McArthur in “Chinese, English, Spanish—and the Rest “ presents a seven tiered model seeking to:

According to one researcher, complex sentence structure is acquired by the child

In early stages of speech (one-or two-word constructions), morphological affixes denoting grammatical concepts and relations

Linguistic form that overtly expresses grammatical meanings is informative and can, therefore, be used in interactions with people who do not share all of one's experiences, thus expanding social possibilities for a maturing child.

In a study of English speaking children it was found that:

When rules learned in one context are extended to other contexts through analogy, this can be called

Children’s vocabulary development may include generating their own words from pre-existing words, often creating verbs derived from nouns:

Examples of Diglossia can be said to include:

It is generally true that children can imitate on demand many linguistic structures that they do not produce spontaneously in their own speech, suggesting that by imitation their production can precede their comprehension. This is:

It has been documented that Russian children at first omit all case distinctions,

Children generally learn the proper forms for expressing negation before they are able to understand and express underlying concepts and relations. This is

Battistela tells us that Late 19th century thinking in the US reflected the assimilationist ideology “one nation—several languages” :

Washoe, the chimpanzee in the film was hesitant about using the sign for ‘dirty’. This is:

The Gardiners report that Washoe the chimpanzee signed with a “chimp accent.” This is

In a film shown in class, Washoe the chimpanzee spoke a few words in English before being taught to sign (‘mama’, ‘come here’, and ‘fish’). This is:

A person's knowledge and ability to use all the semiotic systems available to him/her as a member of a given sociocultural community has been termed

Children in Japan learn that

Samoan children learning language acquire various linguistic means for expressing their feelings, and are encouraged to express both positive and negative feelings. This is

The origins of the English only movement included S.I. Hayakawa, a US Senator, attempting unsuccessfully to amend the US constitution to make English the official language of the US:

There are no cultures in which it is polite to talk at the same time as one’s interlocutor for more than about 20 seconds. This is

A lie is a lie in any culture, and children rarely have to learn how best to lie and get away with it. This is

Elaboration of detail in a story to make it seem more real, and therefore more believable, is called:

Gossip is such a natural activity that we don’t have to learn how to do it right. This is

For any given culture, one has to learn how to gossip, how to recognize it, and how to evaluate it. In America this includes:

Among the following, one was not mentioned as a function of gossip:

Gossip has been studied among Tzotzil speakers by John Haviland, who created

According to Chang, repeated question in Chinese criminal courtrooms questioning are most likely to:

Among these people, speakers must learn to express their own attitudes ambiguously so as to avoid potential conflict:

Emotions and attitudes can be signaled in the Samoan language by

Children acquire affect markers early in development, and they learn particles and pronouns that express sympathy for oneself before those that indicate empathy for others, when they grow up in

Generally children first become aware of different categories of people based on characteristics such as age and gender:

An explicit ideolology of silence and speech different from that of “Western culture” in general is exmplified among the

Whereas in “Western culture” a network of associations link women with emotion, among the Kaluli of Papua, New Guinea, it is men who are stereotypically culturally consructed as the “emotional gender.”

In the U.S. girls appear to defer to boys to the same extent that women do to men, because even at very early ages they are already socialized to produce and / or experience unequal encounters. This statement is

Before they learn to take speaker turns, children in the U.S. are nearly

Young children seem to have problems with multiparty interactions involving children their age, but rarely when involving older children or adults. This statement is

Because of "holistic" thinking, when a young child doesn't understand an utterance, it is difficult for her or him to locate the specific segment causing problems:

Children don’t have to learn to give "backchannel cues," appropriate signals to speakers indicating active listenership; that is something that one does instinctively. This is

Effectively reporting one's experiences is a skill that develops gradually in children. This is

Loss of one language in favor of another, usually in the direction of acquiring the language of wider currency while losing the mother tongue is often called

The acquisition of a language of wider currency in addition to one’s mother tongue is often referred to as

When a caretaker comments on the semantic content of a child’s words, it is called:

In “Western culture” a network of associations link women with emotion, and among the Kaluli of Papua, New Guinea, also, women are stereotypically culturally constructed as the “emotional gender.”

When subjects listen to tape-recorded speech in two versions of the same content, both spoken by the same fluent bilingual person this is

In Quebec a Parisian French guise was

Using the matched guise technique, Lambert found that Francophone subjects expressed preferences for English speakers except on ratings for

Matched-guise experiments with children as speakers and as judges show that

Speech accommodation theory suggests that

In the United States there was a time when it was believed that linguistic diversity strengthened the development and exchange of ideas. This is

In the latter half of the nineteenth century laws were enacted requiring sole use of English in schools, and textbooks emphasized the co-occurrence of 'good talk' with good behavior, a moral character, and an industrious nature This is

The 1963 Bilingual Education Act

Speakers of Native American languages number

The largest group of Native American language speakers are:

Three creole languages have developed in the U.S. in the past few hundred years:

Compound bilingualism is when

Creole languages

There is at least partially differentiated organization of languages in the brain of the bilingual, as strongly evidenced by many cases of :

Bilingualism has advantages for the brain, and there is considerable evidence that bilingual schooling aids learning abilities. Perhaps this is because:

Some settings of stable bilingualism, with conservative and innovative varieties of the same language that function as formal and informal speech varieties side by side but in different social contexts, have been called by Charles Ferguson situations of:

In the film, “I’m British, But…” personal identity linked to the following was/were illustrated:

Many sociolinguists believe that, in the absence of diglossia, bilingual communities will see:

Joan Rubin studied bilingualism in Paraguay, where she found that the following factors influenced the choice of code made by a bilingual. These were:

In the film, “I’m British, But…” the filmmaker was depicted in the company of

In the video called “Spin,” George H.W. Bush is shown on the Larry King show.

In Paraguay the use of Spanish predominates in rural areas and Guaraní is more frequently found in urban areas. This is

The most common result of language contact is the borrowing of words, and this is most commonly effected by the mediation of :

Code switching has numerous discourse and interactional functions, such as:

Researchers emphasize that code-switching is the result of:

When we produce a counterargument by pondering the hidden assumptions of an argument, we are

The term ‘institution’ is often applied to:

A language that is used by non-native speakers when interacting with speakers of different codes enabling members of diverse ethnic and linguistic groups to communicate with each other, is generally called a:

In stratified societies, beliefs about the inherent superiority of some groups and inherent inferiority of others (potentially classified according to gender, class, race, age) are:

Eric Wolf claims that The ability to bestow meanings--to 'name' things, acts and ideas—along with control of communication allowing the managers of ideology to lay down the categories through which reality is to be perceived is:

Interrelationships between language and hierarchical social models can also be demonstrated by contrasts in evaluations of speaking styles associated with different groups. For example, women's speech is sometimes negatively judged because of its reputed use of numerous devices to hedge or disclaim speakers' opinions and generally to show deference to interlocutors. Although it is positively perceived as "polite," women who employ this style are sometimes dismissed as inconsequential. But women who use direct ("masculine") speech are sometimes criticized for being abrasive and aggressive. This is

A cross-cultural view of gender in speech quickly demonstrates that it is the speakers, female or male, who are socially evaluated and not their linguistic output in the abstract. For instance, note that among the Malagasy, women's direct and sometimes confrontational style is denigrated, whereas men's inexplicit, vague, and deferential speech is praised, in fact, likened to that of the ancestors. This is

According to Erickson, low-status speakers react to their situation by developing a

In Japanese culture the so called "powerless" style is valued for all Japanese speakers. Markers of this style are indicators of the speaker's basic humanness, expressed in terms of harmony and empathy. This is

In educational settings the authority of teachers in the classroom is primarily based on

In our society, institutional settings, wherein roles are distributed and interactions are managed in terms of preassigned rights and constraints, are:

In educational settings in the lower years adults frequently employ the following methods of control in the classroom:

In legal institutional settings, especially in courtrooms many aspects of behavior are formalized:

Edward Hermann and Noam Chomsky in their book Manufacturing Consent discuss the various "news filters" that determine what news is printed. These filters include:

Which of the following cannot be illustrated by examples of nonverbal communication from around the world:

The percentage of what we convey through non-verbal communication, as opposed to verbally is about

NonVerbal Communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver:

Nonverbal communication can do the following to messages conveyed by verbal means:

Because there are different species of humans, we find that different societies have different facial expressions for fear, happiness, anger, surprise, disgust and sadness:

Around the world there is a great similarity among cultures for the display rules dictating when, how, and with what consequences nonverbal expressions will be exhibited.

What makes humans cry, and who is allowed to see us cry are things that do not need to be learned as part of our cultural "education," but are rather part of our inheritance from our primate ancestors:

On Wednesday the lecturer gave examples of staring by polar bears that help us to account for global warming

Fortunately the human eye has multiple functions. Among them are:

Some studies indicate that in most instances

Of the five senses the earliest to mature in social terms is

Women initiate hugs and embraces, according to studies reported in this class:

Elements that have been found to affect the meaning we give to smell include

Americans represent an example of a culture that tends to

In Japan, at any formal or semiformal function, the person sitting closest to the door is

According to some, people who rush are suspected of trying to cheat:

A culture’s use of time can profitably be seen from the perspectives of

Chronemics is

There is a direct connection, research tells us,

Past Oriented cultures include

Present Oriented cultures include

Future Oriented cultures include

E.T. Hall proposed a classification of time as a form of communication, which included the categories: