Anatomy 3 Final Exam

Write the complete equation for CO2 in water.

function of type II alveolar cells?

How does the histology change as you move down the bronchioles deeper into the lungs?

What will a decreased FEV1 indicate?

when does diaphragm contract?

two examples of a restrictive pulmonary disease.

the sound made by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways

After a normal inhalation, Joan normally exhaled into a hand held spirometer and got a reading of 375 ml. Following the exhalation, her instructor told her to keep on exhaling using all of her accessory
muscles and she was able to exhale an additional 1300 ml. Which lung volume or capacity was the 1300 ml measuring?

After a normal inhalation, Joan normally exhaled into a hand held spirometer and got a reading of 375 ml. Following the exhalation, her instructor told her to keep on exhaling using all of her accessory
muscles and she was able to exhale an additional 1300 ml. Which lung volume or capacity was the 375 ml measuring?

What is actually being measured when determining tidal volume?

Austin is breathing rapidly and deeply after running 5 blocks. Compared to his volumes at rest, does his vital capacity increase, decrease or remain the same?

what is greater, partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli or expired air?

actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs

partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the venous blood

oxygenated blood brought to lungs via?

quiet breathing

respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead air

Jake's total lung capacity is 5,000
mls. His tidal volume is 300 mls, his expiratory reserve volume is
1,000 mls, and his residual volume is 500 mls. What is the maximum
volume of air that he has available for any gas exchange?

Rachelle inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until
she cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that she expelled

If the chest wall (including the parietal pleura) is punctured, would the pressure in the pleural cavity

If the chest wall (including the parietal pleura) is punctured, would lung size increase or decrease?

MOST important chemical regulator of respiration

drug that depresses the activity of the pneumotaxic center would result in

Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same
amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would
have to

hyperventilation

deficiency of oxygen due to decreased blood flow

Functions of the larynx

Maria is singing a song. At a certain point in the song she forces a
large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time decreases
the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces

While playing high school football, Collen is tackled so hard he breaks
a rib and is having a difficult time breathing. Collen is probably
suffering from

External respiration involves

Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane of the alveoli. The respiratory membrane consists of

function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system

ease with which the lungs stretch in response to changes in pressure

why air moves out of lungs

Which
is true for alveolar ventilation

respiratory system respond to ketoacidosis

The rate of gas diffusion across the respiratory
membrane decreases as

VRG inhibits

which is greater, percent of O2 of hemoglobin when pH is 7.6 or 7.2?

pulmonary ventilation

function of surfactant secreted by cells in the wall of the alveoli

MOST of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

A newborn infant is found dead, abandoned by the road. Among the many
questions that the police would like to have answers to is whether the
infant was born dead or alive. After an autopsy the medical examiner
tells them that the infant was dead at birth. How could the medical
examiner determine this?

organs of digestive tract?

Chief cells secrete

helps reduce colon cancer

intestinal hormone that causes dilation of intestinal capillaries

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract from one point to another

digestive process consists of ?

myenteric plexus

secretions from the salivary glands

Secretions from the tongue

only voluntary phase of deglutition

Digestion refers to

organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?

Provides sensory and motor innervation to the muscularis

might occur if a person suffers from a severe case of hepatitis that impairs liver function?

which is greater, pH of blood in gastric viens during digestion or after a 24 hr fast?

drug blocking action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells results in?

where does protien digestion begin?

gastric phase of the stomach is triggered

when is Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid are examples

substances would produce the most ATP when catabolized?

when is A molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid

inside mitochondria, what loses a carbon atom?

process of cellular respiration, each molecule of glucose that is
metabolized yields enough energy to form ___________ molecules of ATP.

transported into glucose by liver

first choice for eregy source

drug that blocks the action of lipoprotein lipase

Inorganic ions released through dissociation of electrolytes

purines

Why is protein catabolism an impractical source of quick energy

process of deamination generates

During the absorptive state for someone who is diabetic and not producing insulin

absorptive state

For a single glucose molecule, how many CO2 molecules does the TCA cycle generate?

Your best friend meets you for lunch. As she walks in she states "I
have not eaten since yesterday and I am starving". Is her statement
correct? Why?

The layer of the GI tract that contains
enteroendocrine cells to secrete hormones

muscular tube of digestive system?

lipids absorbed in?

Enterokinase is made and released by

The gastroilial reflex

Free fatty acids are usually bound to

Red blood cells have no mitochondria so they
form ATP through

Lypolysis

Lipoproteins, containing triglycerides
manufactured in the liver, are transported to peripheral fat cells and are
called

Primary function of TCA (Krebs’s cycle) in
carbohydrate metabolism

clinical condition in which the muscle fibers of
the pyloric sphincter fail to relax trapping food in the stomach

muscle found in the wall of the bladder

kind of tissue lines the inside of the ureter

structure anchors the kidney to the abdominal wall

specific nephrons are primarily involved in filtering the blood, not concentrating it

very last tube in a nephron?

one cause of albuminuria

clumps of hard agglutinated cells in the urine

Why is nausea often associated with renal disease or trauma?

first step in urine formation

pyuria

Why are red blood cells not normally found in the urine

specific gravity of 1.04. What should he do to correct the problem

Where does uric acid in the urine come from

vegetarian diet affect your urine pH?

if glomerular filtration rate is too high

NFP = GBHP – (CHP + BCOP)

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP):

cells of the macula densa are found

damage to renal medulla interferes with?

Fluid in the Bowman’s capsule is similar to plasma except

which is greater, concentratoin of solute in filtrate at bottom or beginning of loope of henle?

number of nephrons

when does tubulare reabsorption occur

urinary system function

process of filtration is driven by

primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule

snake bites will cause what abnormality in the urine?

the process for movement of hydrogen ions from
the blood into the proximal convoluted tubule?

nitrites in the urine

process of moving glucose from filtrate into the
blood

collecting duct is actively involved in what?

Promotes sodium retention in the kidneys

renal glomerulus is damaged

Prolonged sympathetic stimulation to the kidneys

electrolyte that carries a negative charge

normal blood pH?

Excessive lactic acid in the blood can lead to

hormone that is involved in regulation of fluid balance, sodium balance, and potassium balance

cause spontaneous neural firing?

How will your respiratory system compensate for metabolic alkalosis?

four buffering systems

in respiratory acidosis. What does a high bicarbinate level indicate

hypokalemia

blood pH of 7.30. Why does he also have elevated potassium levels

function of renin

hypernatremia

Renal compensation indicates that the condition is

phosphate buffering system is found in which cellular compartment?

fastest mechanism for correcting the body's acid-base abnormalities

When bicarbonate ion diffuses out of red blood cells into plasma, it is usually exchanged with which anion?

where Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found

symptoms of a person who has not eaten for a weak

effect of eating high salt meal?

Uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus can lead to

amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by

assists in buffering changes in pH

principle anion in extracellular fluid

results of holding breath for extended amt of time

Drinking plain water after excessive sweating

In compensating for respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys secrete more

Because of greatly decreased PO2, traveling to a very high altitude could cause

stimulates thirst center in hypothalamus

cause of metabolic alkalosis

one condition that might lead to respiratory
alkalosis

cause a decreased anion gap

Brain natriuretic peptide is a hormone released
in response to what stimulus?

Renal compensation occurs in response to an
imbalance in what?

How can electrolytes control fluid volume?

Angiotensin II stimulates the production of this
mineral corticoid, which promotes the reabsorption of sodium ions by kidney
tubules:

ADH lower or raise blood pressure?

bicarbonate weak or strong base/acid?

Most of the body in the water is what fluid?

Hyponatremia results from excessive

If the solute concentration in the extracellular fluid
decreases

effect would a decrease in pH have on the amount
of extracellular potassium ions?

metabolic acidosis, a decreased pCO2 level will
tell you that

compensating
for metabolic acidosis, the body increases

chronic emphysema can result in?

hypoventilation can cause?