-
Write the complete equation for CO2 in water.
CO2 + H2O <=> H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-
-
function of type II alveolar cells?
produce surfactant to prevent lung collapse
-
How does the histology change as you move down the bronchioles deeper into the lungs?
- The types of cells go from Simple columnar epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium. There starts to be less cilia, less goblet cell, less cartilage and more smooth
- muscle.
-
What will a decreased FEV1 indicate?
obstructive pulmonary disease
-
when does diaphragm contract?
during inhalation
-
two examples of a restrictive pulmonary disease.
-
the sound made by air rushing through the large respiratory passageways
bronchial sounds
-
After a normal inhalation, Joan normally exhaled into a hand held spirometer and got a reading of 375 ml. Following the exhalation, her instructor told her to keep on exhaling using all of her accessory
muscles and she was able to exhale an additional 1300 ml. Which lung volume or capacity was the 1300 ml measuring?
Expiratory Reserve Volume
-
After a normal inhalation, Joan normally exhaled into a hand held spirometer and got a reading of 375 ml. Following the exhalation, her instructor told her to keep on exhaling using all of her accessory
muscles and she was able to exhale an additional 1300 ml. Which lung volume or capacity was the 375 ml measuring?
Expiratory Capacity
-
What is actually being measured when determining tidal volume?
amount of air in and out after one cycle of normal quiet breathing
-
Austin is breathing rapidly and deeply after running 5 blocks. Compared to his volumes at rest, does his vital capacity increase, decrease or remain the same?
remains the same
-
what is greater, partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli or expired air?
alveoli
-
actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs
alveoli
-
partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the venous blood
less then the tissue interstitial fluid
-
oxygenated blood brought to lungs via?
bronchial artery
-
quiet breathing
inspiration involving muscular contration and expiration that is passive
-
respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead air
Alveolar ventilation rate
-
Jake's total lung capacity is 5,000
mls. His tidal volume is 300 mls, his expiratory reserve volume is
1,000 mls, and his residual volume is 500 mls. What is the maximum
volume of air that he has available for any gas exchange?
4500 mls
-
Rachelle inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until
she cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that she expelled
vital capacity
-
If the chest wall (including the parietal pleura) is punctured, would the pressure in the pleural cavity
increase
-
If the chest wall (including the parietal pleura) is punctured, would lung size increase or decrease?
decrease
-
MOST important chemical regulator of respiration
CO2
-
drug that depresses the activity of the pneumotaxic center would result in
increase Tidal volume
-
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. To get the same
amount of oxygen to dissolve in plasma as carbon dioxide, you would
have to
Increase the partial pressure of oxygen
-
hyperventilation
leads to hypocapnia
-
deficiency of oxygen due to decreased blood flow
Ischemic hypoxia
-
Functions of the larynx
- sound production
- switching mechanism for air vs food
- open airway
- condition air
-
Maria is singing a song. At a certain point in the song she forces a
large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time decreases
the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces
high loud pitch
-
While playing high school football, Collen is tackled so hard he breaks
a rib and is having a difficult time breathing. Collen is probably
suffering from
pneumothorax
-
External respiration involves
Diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood
-
Gas exchange occurs across the respiratory membrane of the alveoli. The respiratory membrane consists of
- squamous epithelial cells lining alveoli
- endothelial celsl linging adjacent capillary
- fused basal lamina lie between alveolar adn endothelial cells
-
function of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system
gas exchange
-
ease with which the lungs stretch in response to changes in pressure
compliance
-
why air moves out of lungs
volume of the lungs decreases with expiration.
-
Which
is true for alveolar ventilation
- bronchioles
- dilate in an increase of carbon dioxide.
-
respiratory system respond to ketoacidosis
- carbon
- dioxide increases in the blood, the respiration rate will decrease so carbon
- dioxide is not leaving the blood quickly enough. This is causing pH levels to decrease and
- raise the acidity level of blood.
-
The rate of gas diffusion across the respiratory
membrane decreases as
solubility of gas increases.
-
VRG inhibits
expiratory neurons for normal breathing
-
which is greater, percent of O2 of hemoglobin when pH is 7.6 or 7.2?
7.6
-
pulmonary ventilation
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
-
function of surfactant secreted by cells in the wall of the alveoli
lower surface tension of alveolar fluid preventing the collapse of alveoli during expiration
-
MOST of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions
-
A newborn infant is found dead, abandoned by the road. Among the many
questions that the police would like to have answers to is whether the
infant was born dead or alive. After an autopsy the medical examiner
tells them that the infant was dead at birth. How could the medical
examiner determine this?
- it was based upon the lungs and the pressure in the lungs. Babies are
- born witih more pressure in their lungs then atomospheric pressure and
- when they are born, they take their first breath which causes the lung
- pressure to decrease. If the baby was born dead then it would not have
- cried and taken its first breath so the pressure in the lungs would
- still be greater then the outide pressure of atmosphere.
-
organs of digestive tract?
-
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
-
helps reduce colon cancer
insoluble fiber
-
intestinal hormone that causes dilation of intestinal capillaries
vasoactive intestinal peptide
-
Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract from one point to another
peristalsis
-
digestive process consists of ?
- absorption
- secretion
- ingestion
- mechanical processign
-
myenteric plexus
network of neurons
-
secretions from the salivary glands
- Contains lubricating glycoproteins
- Help control bacterial populations in the mouth
- Contain bicarbonate ions to buffer acidic foods
- Contain enzymes for digestion of complex carbohydrates
-
Secretions from the tongue
Contain enzymes for digestion of lipids
-
only voluntary phase of deglutition
Buccal phase
-
Digestion refers to
chemical breakdown of food
-
organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?
large intestine
-
Provides sensory and motor innervation to the muscularis
myenteric plexus
-
might occur if a person suffers from a severe case of hepatitis that impairs liver function?
- Fat digestion is difficult
- By products of hemoglobin breakdown (from red blood cells) accumulate in the blood
- Plasma proteins decrease in concentration
- Toxins in the blood increase
-
which is greater, pH of blood in gastric viens during digestion or after a 24 hr fast?
large meal digested
-
drug blocking action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells results in?
a higher pH during gastric digestion
-
where does protien digestion begin?
stomach
-
gastric phase of the stomach is triggered
entry of food into the stomach.
-
when is Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid
anaerobic conditions
-
Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid are examples
essential fatty acids
-
substances would produce the most ATP when catabolized?
18 carbon fatty acid
-
when is A molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid
glycolysis
-
inside mitochondria, what loses a carbon atom?
pyruvic acid molecule
-
process of cellular respiration, each molecule of glucose that is
metabolized yields enough energy to form ___________ molecules of ATP.
36
-
transported into glucose by liver
fructose and galactose
-
first choice for eregy source
carbs
-
drug that blocks the action of lipoprotein lipase
raise blood levels of VLDLs
-
Inorganic ions released through dissociation of electrolytes
minerals
-
purines
deaminated and excreted as uric acid
-
Why is protein catabolism an impractical source of quick energy
- Threatens homeostasis at cellular and systems levels
- Creates toxic by-product
- Requires a great deal of energy
- Generates ammonia
-
process of deamination generates
Ammonia
-
During the absorptive state for someone who is diabetic and not producing insulin
- Blood glucose levels are high
- Fatty acids are fed into the TCA cycle as acetyl coA
- Glycerol from adipose tissue is converted to glucose by the liver
- Synthesis of storage molecules is decreased
-
absorptive state
The liver forms glycogen
-
For a single glucose molecule, how many CO2 molecules does the TCA cycle generate?
2
-
Your best friend meets you for lunch. As she walks in she states "I
have not eaten since yesterday and I am starving". Is her statement
correct? Why?
- she is not starving. her body is using fat reserves in her body to
- digest and make ATP. She wont actually be starving unless she goes
- longer without food, and uses up all the reserve in her body.
-
The layer of the GI tract that contains
enteroendocrine cells to secrete hormones
mucosa
-
muscular tube of digestive system?
esophagus
-
lipids absorbed in?
sm intestine
-
Enterokinase is made and released by
sm intestine
-
The gastroilial reflex
moves feces into rectum
-
Free fatty acids are usually bound to
albumin
-
Red blood cells have no mitochondria so they
form ATP through
glycolisis in cytoplasm
-
Lypolysis
breakdown of lipids
-
Lipoproteins, containing triglycerides
manufactured in the liver, are transported to peripheral fat cells and are
called
very low density lipoproteins (VLDL’s).
-
Primary function of TCA (Krebs’s cycle) in
carbohydrate metabolism
produce CO2
-
clinical condition in which the muscle fibers of
the pyloric sphincter fail to relax trapping food in the stomach
pylorospasm.
-
muscle found in the wall of the bladder
detrusor muscle
-
kind of tissue lines the inside of the ureter
transitional epithelium
-
structure anchors the kidney to the abdominal wall
renal fascia
-
specific nephrons are primarily involved in filtering the blood, not concentrating it
cortical nephrons
-
very last tube in a nephron?
distal convoluted tubule
-
one cause of albuminuria
kidney trauma
-
clumps of hard agglutinated cells in the urine
casts
-
Why is nausea often associated with renal disease or trauma?
- this is known as referred pain. The sensory pathway to stomach and
- kidney are same so body thinks pain is associated at stomach when it is
- really kidney.
-
first step in urine formation
filtration
-
pyuria
presence of white blood cells in the urine
-
Why are red blood cells not normally found in the urine
too large to be filtered through membrane
-
specific gravity of 1.04. What should he do to correct the problem
drink more water
-
Where does uric acid in the urine come from
purines
-
vegetarian diet affect your urine pH?
more alkaline
-
if glomerular filtration rate is too high
useful substances are lost
-
NFP = GBHP – (CHP + BCOP)
calculate the net filtration
-
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP):
Increases glomerular filtration rate
-
cells of the macula densa are found
juxtaglomerular apparatus.
-
damage to renal medulla interferes with?
collecting duct
-
Fluid in the Bowman’s capsule is similar to plasma except
low amt of Plasma protein
-
which is greater, concentratoin of solute in filtrate at bottom or beginning of loope of henle?
descending limb bottom
-
number of nephrons
constant from birth
-
when does tubulare reabsorption occur
water and useful substances reabsorb into blood
-
urinary system function
- regulare blood volume and pressure
- regulate plasma concentration
- help stablilize pH
- conserve nutrients
-
process of filtration is driven by
Blood hydrostatic pressure
-
primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule
Absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water
-
snake bites will cause what abnormality in the urine?
hemoglobinuria
-
the process for movement of hydrogen ions from
the blood into the proximal convoluted tubule?
tubular secretion
-
nitrites in the urine
gram negative bacteria
-
process of moving glucose from filtrate into the
blood
reabsorption
-
collecting duct is actively involved in what?
Secretion of hydrogen for pH control.
-
Promotes sodium retention in the kidneys
aldosterone
-
renal glomerulus is damaged
cause blood cells to appear in the urine.
-
Prolonged sympathetic stimulation to the kidneys
- maximal dilation of both the afferent and
- efferent arterioles
-
electrolyte that carries a negative charge
anion
-
normal blood pH?
7.34-7.44
-
Excessive lactic acid in the blood can lead to
metabolic acidosis
-
hormone that is involved in regulation of fluid balance, sodium balance, and potassium balance
aldosterone
-
cause spontaneous neural firing?
alkalosis
-
How will your respiratory system compensate for metabolic alkalosis?
decrease RR and breathing
-
four buffering systems
- carbonic acid-bicarbonate
- hemoglobin
- amino acid
- phosphate
-
in respiratory acidosis. What does a high bicarbinate level indicate
renal compensation
-
hypokalemia
potassium deficiency
-
blood pH of 7.30. Why does he also have elevated potassium levels
blood pH is more acidic which stimulates aldosterone causing potassium to increase
-
function of renin
increase renal flow and stimulate angiotensin 2
-
hypernatremia
increased sodium
-
Renal compensation indicates that the condition is
chronic
-
phosphate buffering system is found in which cellular compartment?
intracellular
-
fastest mechanism for correcting the body's acid-base abnormalities
buffer system
-
When bicarbonate ion diffuses out of red blood cells into plasma, it is usually exchanged with which anion?
chloride
-
where Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found
cells of body
-
symptoms of a person who has not eaten for a weak
- ketone bodies produced
- excrete excess hydrogen ions
- make new bicarbonatre ions
- rapid breathing
-
effect of eating high salt meal?
temporary increase in blood volume
-
Uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus can lead to
metabolic acidosis
-
amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by
aldosterone
-
assists in buffering changes in pH
- amino acid
- hemoglobin
- carbonic acid/bicarbonate
- phosphate
-
principle anion in extracellular fluid
chloride
-
results of holding breath for extended amt of time
Respiratory acidosis
-
Drinking plain water after excessive sweating
water intoxication
-
In compensating for respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys secrete more
bicarbonate ions
-
Because of greatly decreased PO2, traveling to a very high altitude could cause
respiratory alkalosis
-
stimulates thirst center in hypothalamus
- angiotensin 2
- input from baroreceptors
- decline in blood volume
-
cause of metabolic alkalosis
repeated vomiting.
-
one condition that might lead to respiratory
alkalosis
hyperventilation
-
cause a decreased anion gap
diarrhea d/t loss of bases or bicarbonate
-
Brain natriuretic peptide is a hormone released
in response to what stimulus?
excess stretch of heart muscle cells
-
Renal compensation occurs in response to an
imbalance in what?
H+ and bicarbonate.
-
How can electrolytes control fluid volume?
- can be altered so that “water will follow salt”
- and keep electrolytes and fluids balanced in the body.
-
Angiotensin II stimulates the production of this
mineral corticoid, which promotes the reabsorption of sodium ions by kidney
tubules:
Aldosterone
-
ADH lower or raise blood pressure?
- Increased ADH secretion lowers blood pressure
- and does not increase it.
-
bicarbonate weak or strong base/acid?
weak base
-
Most of the body in the water is what fluid?
- Intracellular fluid makes up 2/3 of the total
- body water
-
Hyponatremia results from excessive
too much pure water intake
-
If the solute concentration in the extracellular fluid
decreases
water moves into cells
-
effect would a decrease in pH have on the amount
of extracellular potassium ions?
There will be an increase in amount of potassium ions.
-
metabolic acidosis, a decreased pCO2 level will
tell you that
chronic with respiratory compensation.
-
compensating
for metabolic acidosis, the body increases
RR increases
-
chronic emphysema can result in?
respiratory acidosis
-
hypoventilation can cause?
respiratory alkalosis
|
|