political science exam review

the kind of democratic politics created by the use of a single member district electoral system

a legal system in which an independent judge hears arguments presented by two opposing sides before rendering a decision

individuals, groups, and instutitions--such as family, schools, churches, or labor unions--transmit political values to each generation

the distrbution of a societys wealth among its memobers

the opposition to governtments in all forms. the advocates of this ideaology believe that government is unneceessary and inevitably harmful and divisive and that people would coexist peacefully without it

non democratic government that exercises extensive control or authority over society

a body of law that supersedes other laws

an approach to political research that emphasizes observations of individual political behavior as contrasted with approaches that focus on political documents and laws

an ordering of opinions and attitudes held together by some broader ideological theme or pattern

the process of forming a proposal for a governments budget

the government organization usually staffed with officials selected on the basic expertise and experience that implement public policy

a person working for the public sector who is appointed on the basic of training and experience

personal appeal of an electoral candidate. candidate evaluation may be positive or negative

an ideology advocating private property and minimal governtment

parties that try to appeal to a wide range of social classes and groups hence have a relatively poorly defined policy program or ideaology

the ability to evoke allegiance and loyalty from citizens or subordinates by virtue of image, speaking skills and generation of emotional responces

an individual who manages and corrdinates the impllementation of programs through administrative agencies

political parties and their supporters who profess a political doctrine usually linked to the catholic church

the practice of involving citizens in the bureaucratic decision making process

the body of law pertaining to efforts by private parties to gain compensation for injuries inflicted by other pricate parties

body of political philosophy based on the ideas of plato and aristotle, associated with a distrust of democracy and efforts to envision the just state

the authority that a leader enjoys by virtue of possessing the power to force compliance with his or her demands

set of principles developed centuries ago by british courts in efforts to establish a basic code of fairness for situations in which no statutory law applied

"marxist ideology" in this stage, societys productive capacity is so undeveloped that each person must consume everything he or she produces to survive, making slavery or other forms of exploitation economically impractical

the stage in marxist ideology in which "true" human history begins; in this stage technological development has advanced to the point at which scarcity of resources no longer exists and there is no class conflcit or exploitation

citizens tend to agree on basic political procedures as well as values and general goals of the politcal system

highly polarized by fundamnetal differences over those issues

an approach to political life that sees traditional values as important in solving social problems (Edmund Burke)

irregular, nonconstitutional removal of head of state by a small group; usually the military

body of law pertaining to the prosecution and punishment of those accused of crimes

the person accused of a crime or sued by a plaintiff

a system of government by the "citizens"

a movement in public policy most widespread in the US and Great Britain in the 1980s that involved removing or reducing regulations on private sector activity

communications and negotiations among the national leaders regarding matters of foreign policy

idea that economic forces govern change in the nature of societies

approach to international political economoy that focuses on importance of national interest and power

approach to international political economy associated with marxist-leninist thinking' emphasizes persistent economic inequalitites separating poor and rich countries and focuses on how state economic systems produce a structure of dependency and inequality

the idea that a single generally unified elite dominates society

effort by a chief executive to initiate, coordinate, and energize government activities in a time of crisis

ideology that emphasizes extreme appeals to national unity, hatred of foreigners and ethnic minorities and complete obedience to the state

idealogy that advocates equal rights for females

second stage in marxist ideology; land ownership becomes basis for political power and farm workers are exploited by those who own land

beauricratic principle holding that agency officals should have clearly established areas of activity or specialization making it possible to determine who is responsible for any given decision or program

individual who enjoys benefits of collective effort without contributing to it

differene between men as a group and woman as a group with respect to some specific criterion

generation of young people who were born in the last two decades of the 20th centurary

the people or organizations that make, enforce, and implement political decisions for society

basic tasks that governments perform in healthy developed political systems

group of citizens who determine whether there is sufficeint evidence to charge a person with a crime

political or social system in which people have clearly understood ranks, from a governing elite down to the lowest ranks of society

bureucratic principle holding that clear lines of super and subordinate status should exist in organizations

principle that all people are entitled to certain fundamental freedoms and privelages

approach to internationals relations holding that wars are caused by evil and ignorance and that they can be avoided by nurturing a spirit of international community and justice

more or less coherent system of political thinking. a vision of society as it should be

measure of how low a society is shared among its members

way of thinking that emphasizes individual interest, needs, and rights in contrast to social or communal interests needs and rights

(ICT) wide range of new electronic information and communication innovations including internet, podcasts, text msg, etc

process of expressing concerns and problems as demands for government action

organization that attempts to influence public policy in a specific area of importance to its members

body of laws consisting of treaties and traditionally recognized rights and duties pertaining to relations among states

idea that interest groups, legislatives committees, and bureaucracies in a gives policy area engage in continuing interaction and they act together to perpetuate policies and programs resisting change and control

extremely devout movement within the islamic religion whose members believe in a traditional and litteral interpretation of the quaran

principle holding judges should follow their own values deciding how to interrpret statutes and provisions of basic law

principle holding that judges should be reluctant to overturn legislative or executive laws and decisions

power of courts to overturn or void actions of laws that they feel are unlawful and unfair

quality of being righteous, fair, and deserved

process through which a political system attracts its leadership

policy stressing tolerance for divers lifestyles and opinions and demanding public assistance for those in need

ideaology with minimum government and maximum individual liberty

efforts by groups or individuals to influence public officals through formal and informal contacts with thim

apporach to international political economy holding that states pursue their national interests in making international economic policies, especially those pertaining to trade

problems and issues not addressed by a political system

nuclear war is so horrible that nations avoid it

idea that parlimanet enjoys soverign power

citizens sense of attachment to a political party

practice of selecting buraurcratic officials on basis of hteir political support for elected officals with power to appoint them

political party whose primary purpose is to futher the politcal career of one person, the leader

person who brings a legal action against another person in a civil suit

idea that there are many centers of political power in society

idea that nations become modern by acquiring certain capacities and capabilites

pattern of individual attitudes and oreintations toward politcs among the members of a political system

study of impact of government on economic conditions including analysis of alternative public policies and different system of governemnt

organization that unites people in an effort to win government office and therby influence or control government policy

process of making collective decisions in a community society or group through the application of influnce of power

distinctive set of political orientations common to many individuals in industrial democracies who ewre politically socialized during the era of postwar affluence

advocates of this can be found in many disciplines. it is a reaction to wat its advocates see as excessive faith in certainty and objectivity of scientific method

approach to political theory distinguished by its application of economic principles particularly assumption that indiciduals seek thier own interest in making political decisions

authority that a leader enjoys when his or her actions are consistent with established legal principles

approach to international realations that emphasize the role of national interest in explaining causes of war and conflict

process of redrawing bounderies of legislative districts

the process of applying governments rules to individual cases

parties that are more likely to support existing political and economic systems and defend traditional values such as relgion

process of implementing or carrying out policy decisions

process of establishing laws, orders, edicts, regulations, and other authoritative acts by government

electoral system with one representive in legislature "winner take al"

fourth and final stage of "prehistory" in Marxist ideaology; state is governed in the interests of the workers

the body of law created by acts of the legislature

a form of authoritarian government in which the government exercises near total control over all forms of political activity and organized societal activity

authority that derives from a leaderships emboidment of long standing widely accepted social and political conditions

2 basic levels of courts in most judicial systems

arrangement of public services to provide a basic standard of living to all members of society who dont have money