Pathogens.csv

quantitative measure of pathogenicity; includes infectious dose & transmission rate & severity/duration of symptoms

the ability of bacteria to produce partial hemolysis; produces a green color in bacterial medium

the ability of bacteria to produce complete hemolysis

absence of hymolysis by bacterial toxins

suppresses the growth of certain kinds of bacteria

allow several types of bacteria to grow; addition of a nutrient or indicator allows differentiation between types of bacteria

1st step - primary staining with crystal violet; 2nd step - staining with Gram's iodine; 3rd step - decolorization with ethanol or acetone; 4th step - counterstaining with safranin; Gram-positive cells have thick layers of peptidoglycan in their cell walls and this stains purple with iodine

sequences of DNA that can transpose themselves to new positions within the genome of a single cell

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall with multiples layers of peptidoglycan & teichoic acid & lipoteichoic acid; Gram-negative bacteria have a single layer of peptidoglycan & an outer membrane with porins & LPS as well as an inner membrane; selectively permeable outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria provides additional layer of protection

cells are stained & then treated with acid/ethanol to decolorize them & then counterstained; mainly used to identify acid-fast Mycobacteria (not decolorized with acid treatment)

a surface protein of influenza viruses that binds sialic acid on the surface of respiratory epithelial cells to allow the virus entry into the cell; mediates viral membrane fusion with host cell

cleaves sialic acid and allows the release of the influenza virus from the host cell; targeted by Tamiflu to prevent viral exit from the host cell

mycobacteria have cell walls that contain mycolic acid; mycoplasma have no cell walls

also known as common pili; allow for twitch motility & tissue attachment

bacterial capsules surround bacteria & hide PAMPs to allow them to escape recognition & phagocytosis; Quellung reaction allows to visualize capsule; bacterial endospores are produced in response to severe nutrient limitation & allow bacteria to remain in a highly resistant latent state

cell wall biosynthesis (Vancamycin & beta-lactams); ribosome (macrolides & tetracyclins & aminoglycosides); nucleic acids (quinolines); cell membrane (daptomycin); folate synthesis (sulfanomides & trimethoprim)

inhibit transpeptidases that cross-link proteins to add stability to the cell wall

binds to terminal d-Ala-d-Ala on bacterial cell wall side chains; prevents cross-linking of cell wall proteins

conjugation - transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via pili; transformation - uptake of DNA from the external environment; transduction - chromosomal DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another packaged in a virul capsid

efflux pump; decreased entry; altered target site; enzymatic degradation; bypassing of pathway

activity of macrolide on 50S ribosomal subunit prevents formation of protein chain

binding to 30S ribosomal subunit causes misreading of codon and leads to formation of a dysfunctional protein

prevents uncoiling & reading of bacterial DNA

bactericidal therapies kill bacteria & should be used in meningitis (b/c CNS is immune privileged) or endocarditis (due to turbulent & avascular state of heart valve) or in neutropenic hosts; bacteriostatic therapies inhibit bacterial growth and are used in most all other circumstances

MIC = minimal inhibitory concentration (lowest concentration of antibiotic that produces no visible growth overnight); MBC = minimum bactericidal concentration (lowest concentration of antibiotic that kills 99.9% or more bacteria overnight)

a sugar-binding protein

molecules expressed and secreted by pathogens that allow them to successfully infect host cells & replicate

"intact proteins with conserved binding sites for MHC II; cause non-specific activation of T cells; leads to a ""cytokine storm"" that effectively shuts down the immune system"

"retrovirus; HIV is a member; characterized by long incubation period; relatively large genome compared to simple retroviruses; ability to induce immune deficiencies and disorders of the hematopoietic and central nervous system; use of auxiliary proteins in excess to the three common structural proteins (Gag

CCR5 (expressed on macrophages & dendritic cells * T cells); CXCR4 (expressed on T cells)

C-type lectins such as DC-SIGN (CD-209); bind viral gp-120

antibody-mediated response against gp120 & gp41 antigens on viral surface; cytotoxic T cell response against infected cells; neither detects latently infected cells in which the HIV genome has been successfully integrated

tropism = ability to enter into cell; strategies = ongoing sequence evaluation; shielding of receptor binding site (occlusion)s; glycosylation

2 copies of RNA genome enclosed within a viral capsule; reverse transcriptase; viral integrase; viral envelope with gp120 and gp41; other enzymes

targets dendritic cells to site of HIV infection; up-regulated on dendritic cells by viral factors

mobile gene capture & disssemination systems; contain integrase & promotor (unlike transposons)