-
What replaces the notochord in adult stages of later
vertebrates?
-
Which taxon is the closets relative of vertebrates?
-
What is the original and later function of pharyngeal gill
slits in chordates?
- ·
- Origninally for feeding and respiration in
- aquatic verts but parts of ear & head in terr. verts
-
Prove an example of a countercurrent exchange system in
vertebrates and explain how it works.
- ·
- Used in fish gills where blood flow is opposite
- water flow, maximizing oxygenation of blood
-
Define the following terms: myomeres, claspers, myoglobin,
paedogenesis, neural crest cells, notochord, sessile
- ·
- Myomeres: segmented muscles
- ·
- Claspers: paired copulatory organs (sharks &
- rays)
- ·
- Myoglobin: respiratory pigment in muscles
- ·
- Paedogenesis: changes genes controlling
- developmental timing
- ·
- Notochord: longitudinal flexible rod used for
- support and protection
- ·
- Sessile: not moving, filter feeders
-
The group to which salmon and trout belong is…
-
Name the structure seen in some craniates for detecting
vibration in water is called…
-
Name
the 2 major monophyletic groups of fishes
- ·
- Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) &
- Osteichthyes (bony fish)
-
Briefly explain the origin of jaws and evidence to support
this.
- ·
- Jaw develop from skeletal support of pharyngeal
- gill slits
-
What are conodonts and what is their significance?
- ·
- Earliest fossile of vertebrates which had
- mineralized mouth parts (600-300 MYA)
-
Which came first lungs or swim bladders?
- ·
- Swim bladder evolved from lungs
-
Define and give an example of the term exaptation.
- ·
- When a trait evolved for one purpose but is
- later used for another
- ·
- Ex. Fleshy fins of fish used for swimming later
- used to walk on land
-
Compare blood-circulation in representative vertebrates:
amphibian, fish, and archosaurs
- ·
- Amphibian: 3 chmb heart, 2 circulatory circuits,
- mixing of oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood
- ·
- Fish: 2 chmb heart, single circuit
- ·
- Archosaurs: 3 chmb heart, 2 circuits, no mixing
- of blood
-
Name and list the function of each of the membranes of the
amniotic egg and discuss its significance to amniotes
- ·
- Amnion: fluid that cushions embryo
- ·
- Allantois: waste elimination + respiration
-
The worldwide decline in amphibians (usually frogs) has been
attributed in part to a fungus. How might this cause frog death?
- ·
- Frogs breath through skin and if fungus grows on
- frog’s skin they may not be able to breath correctly
-
Why might tuataras derive a higher conservation priority
than snakes?
- ·
- Living fossil with relatives living 220 MYA with
- only 2 species in lineage that only live in New Zealand
-
Review 3 problems and solutions vertebrates encountered ion
moving from the water to the land. What hypotheses have been proposed to
explain why vertebrates moved onto the land?
- ·
- Respiration, support & movement, and water
- retention
- ·
- Hypothesis: 350 MYA drying episode where fish
- were driven to migrate from pond to pond looking for oxygenated water
-
Define iridium, amplexus, allometric growth, homeotic genes,
macroevolution, and evo-devo
- ·
- Iridium: rare metal that is linked to meteor
- that killed dinos
- ·
- Allometric growth: when parts of the same
- organism grow at different rates
- ·
- Homeotic genes: genes that determine which parts
- of the body form at what body parts
- ·
- Macroevolution: evolutionary changes above
- species-level
- ·
- Evo-devo: evolutionary development; genes that
- program development (control the rate, timing, and spatial pattern of changes
- in an organism’s form as it develops into an adult)
-
What is the evidence on the bony palate for the presence of
baleen in modern baleen whales?
- ·
- The osstification of the alveolar groove which
- was for teeth now provides vascularization for baleen
-
What is the significance of studying tooth genes in adult
baleen whales that lack teeth?
- ·
- Be able to place them correctly on the
- phylogenetic tree
-
What major transition did amphibians never make that was
made by amniotes?
-
What is Tiktaalik and its significance?
- ·
- Transition fossil between fish and tetrapods
-
What is the basis for the statement extinction is the rule
rather than the exception. What is different about extinction in today’s world?
- ·
- 99% of all species that ever lived are new
- extinct
- ·
- Now rate of extinction is increasing
-
What
is the best explanation for the cause of the Cretaceous mass extinction?
- ·
- Meteor impact that created a huge dust
- cloud, blocking sunlight and lowering
- temps
-
Define the following terms: endothermy, furculum,
saltatorial, brachiation, myosin, skeletal muscle
- ·
- Endothermy: warm blooded
- ·
- Furculum: wishbone of birds
- ·
- Saltatorial: motion through jumping or hopping (ex. Kangaroo)
- ·
- Brachiation: movement through swinging through
- trees and branches
- ·
- Myosin: motor protein that work with actin to
- move muscles
- ·
- Skeletal muscle: muscles attached to bone used
- in movement
-
How does respiration in a mammal differ from that of a bird?
- ·
- Birds respiration has only one way in and one
- way out, and they have 2 air sacs (one being lungs and another used to fill
- lungs)
-
How is a bat flight and bird flight similar? How do they
differ?
- ·
- Both use active flying (generate own lift)
-
Discuss the two hypotheses regarding how powered flight evolved
in birds. What evidence supports each hypothesis?
- ·
- Ground up: feathers evolved first in theropod
- dinos for thermoregulation and prey capture which later created lift (best
- supported hypothesis)
- ·
- Arboreal (tree down): theropod dinos lived in
- trees and glided from tree to tree which evolved into powered flight
-
How is bird respiration similar to that in fishes?
- ·
- Concurrent exchange system
-
Distinguish
between “passive” and “active” flight
- ·
- Passive: use of membranes to help wind carry
- animals (wind powered)
- ·
- Active: use of pectoral muscles to generate lift
- (self powered)
-
Explain how a third class lever system work. Provide an
example in the body
- ·
- 3rd class lever: in-force between
- pivot and out-force
- ·
- Ex. Flexion at elbow jt.
-
How does a digging animal differ from a running animal in
terms of proportions of their levers and why?
- ·
- Digging: Increase force so muscles moved further
- from joint, decrease length of limb segment
- ·
- Running: increase velocity so muscles moved
- closer , increase length of limb
-
Describe the adaptations that you would expect to see in a
swimming animal, scansorial animal, graviportal animal
- ·
- Swimming: streamlined bodies, limbs are
- flippers, loss of hindlimbs
- ·
- Scansorial (arboreal): grasping & hooking elements
- (such as claws, nails), prehensile tail
- ·
- Graviportal: heavy body stance and movement
-
In a cross section of a wing where is the area of greatest
pressure and therefore highest lift?
- ·
- Lowest pressure where air moves fastest (top of
- wing)
- ·
- High pressure under wing creating lift
-
Give an example of a flightless bird. Why did flightless
birds evolve on islands?
- ·
- Live on islands where there are no predators
- they need to escape from predators
-
Define the following terms: imprinting, diphyodont,
altruism, heterodont, ethology, oviparous, homeothermic, trophoblast, sign
stimuli, and fitness
- ·
- Imprinting: learned behavior where something is
- imprinted in animal (ex. Geese imprint parent within a few hours or birth and
- learn to stay near them)
- ·
- Diphyodont: characteristic of mammals where
- there is two successive sets of teeth (baby and permanent teeth)
- ·
- Altruism: an unselfish behavior which lowers
- fitness of individual but increases fitness of pop.
- ·
- Heterodont: containing different types of teeth
- (ex. Carnivorous and herbivorous)
- ·
- Ethology: study of animal behavior
- ·
- Homeothermic: keeping constant internal temp.
- ·
- Trophoblast: cells forming the outer layer of a
- blastocyst which forms an active barrier between maternal and embryonic tissues
- (stopes immunological rejection by producing hormones)
- ·
- Sign stimuli: a sign that results in the activation
- of some behavior
- ·
- Fitness: the extent to which an organism is
- adopted to or able to produce offspring in a particular enviornmnet.
-
Briefly explain the origin of the mammal middle ear bones.
- ·
- Evolved from jaw bones or reptiles
-
How does respiration in a mammal differ from that of a bird?
- ·
- Mammals use diaphragm to fill lungs with tidal
- exhalation and inhalation
- ·
- Birds use air sac to fill lungs and have air
- flow in only one direction
-
List four synapomorphies that unite all mammals, provide an
advantage that each of these adaptations provided mammals in contrast to the
reptilian primitive condition.
- ·
- 4 chambered hearts, with aorta bending to left
- ·
- Heterodont and diphyodont teeth
-
Why is egg laying in monotermes not considered an apomorphy
for the group?
- ·
- Because animals before laid eggs before
-
Describe and distinguish the patterns of reproduction in
monotremes, marsupial and placental mammals
- ·
- Monotremes: lay eggs (oviparous)
- ·
- Marsupials: choriovitelline placenta, brief
- gestation with underdeveloped young
- ·
- Placental: chorioallantoic placenta, linger
- gestation with fairly well developed young
-
Describe 3 major anatomical/physiological changes in deep
diving mammals?
- ·
- Lungs collapse, alveoli empty
- ·
- Bradycardia (slowed heart rate)
- ·
- Redistribution of blood to tissues
-
Give specific examples of innate vs. learned behavior.
- ·
- Innate: spider web structure, and aggression in
- male stickleback fish
- ·
- Learned: Japanese macques washing sand off
- potatoes
-
Which 2 groups of mammal echolocate?
-
The mammal-like reptiles that mammals evolved from are…
-
Be able to explain the 3 processes that occur in the mammal
kidney
- ·
- Filtration- blood passes through glomerulus and
- Bowman’s capsule filtrating blood and proteins
- ·
- Reabsorpation- water, H, NaCl, HCO3 move into
- blood
- ·
- Secretion- movement of H and K from blood to tubule
-
What is meant by the ultimate cause of behavior? Give an
example
- ·
- Addresses the evolutionary significance of a
- behavior
- ·
- Ex. Aggression in stickback fish leads to more
- area where he could fertilize eggs
-
What is altruistic behavior and how might it be related to
kin selection?
- ·
- Altruistic behavior: a unselfish behavior which
- hurts the individual but helps the population
-
What does the following commentary by a noted evolutionary
biologist refer to: “mankind stood up first and got smart later”
- ·
- Became bipedal around 4.4 mya
- ·
- Brain enlarged about 2.4 mya
-
How is estrus different than the menstrual cycle?
- ·
- Estrus is going into heat where the female are
- sexual active (around ovulation)
-
Do you agree with the statement that Humans and Old World
monkeys share a most recent common ancestry?
- ·
- True, old world monkey are arboreal and
- terrestrial while new world monkeys are only arboreal
-
What is meant by the latitudinal diversity gradient and
where does the greatest diversity occur?
- ·
- The closer to the equator the more diversity
-
What is the greenhouse effect and what can we do about it?
- ·
- When the atmosphere allows heat to enter but not
- to escape raising the temp of the world
- ·
- Cutting CO2 emissions and burning of fossil fuels
-
Define the following terms: sustainable development,
hominid, bipedalism, biomagnifications, ESA theory
- ·
- Sustainable-how biological systems remain
- diverse and productive over time
- ·
- Development- the act or process of growing, progressing,
- or developing
- ·
- Hominid- humans and their relatives
- ·
- Bipedalism- to walk on only 2 feet
- ·
- Biomagnifications- the increase in concentration
- of a substance, such as DDT, that occurs in a food chain
- ·
- ESA theory-theory of why so diverse near equator
- that more solar energy, stability of climate (season- season, year-year) the
- larger the area and the greater the increase in species diversity
-
What major groups of life are the most common?
- ·
- Insects followed by flowering plants
-
What are 3 ways humans are negatively impacting the
environment and what are solutions to each of these challenges?
- ·
- Habitat destruction/fragmentation
- ·
- Introduction of species
- ·
- Distrupting the food chain
-
Distinguish between prosimians and anthropoids with an
example of each group. Are each prosimians monophyletic? Why or why not?
- ·
- Anthropoids- monkeys, hominoids-apes, and humans
- ·
- Prosimians- primates that are not monkeys or
- apes, such as lemurs, which is a paraphyletic group
-
Support or refute the statement monkey are a paraphyletic
group. Whats wrong with recognizing paraphyletic groups?
- ·
- Monkeys are a paraphyletic group but we do not
- recognize these groups because they are genetically misleading
-
Does available evidence indicate that Homo florisiensis is a
new dwarf human or an abnormal (diseased) modern man specimen (homo sapiens)?
- ·
- More remains of dwarf humans support that they
- were a species and not a diseased human
-
Distinguish between the 2 hypotheses for the origin and
spread of the human lineage? Which one is best supported by most evidence
today?
- ·
- Multiple origins (asia, Africa, Europe)
- ·
- Proto-H. sapiens fromed in Africa 100,000 ya and
- migrated to the rest of the world
- o
- Most supported with mtDNA phylogeny
-
What is the current human world population?
-
Which lineage of great apes is most closely related to
humans?
- ·
- Chimpanzee is our closest relative with 99% id
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