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At what age the the menstrual cycle usually begin at
10-13, after the peak of adolescent growth spurt
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Estrogen stimulates what?
Progesterone prepares the body for what?
- growth cells in the reproductive tract
- pregnancy
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Amennorhea
absence of menses
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delayed onset of menarche suggests
under weight problem or endocrine problem
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What 2 STI's can be cured but may have damaging effects on the reproductive tract if left untreated?
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea
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Ectopic pregnancies are common in pts with
Gonorrhea
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What are some common symptoms of PID
- pain and tenderness in lower abdomen
- right upper abdominal pain
- increased foul smelling vaginal secretions
- fever and chills
- nausea and vomiting
- pain during urination and sex
- **most common in women under 25
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Which STI is one of the main causes for cervical cancer?
HPV
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What are the two most common strains of HPV
6 and 11
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True or False
Is there a cure for HPV
There are meds to reduce signs and symptoms, but as of now there is no cure
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What 4 factors put the pt at risk for cervical cancer
- early sexual activity
- smoking
- HPV
- Immunosuppression (childhood arthritis, childhood diabetes, HIV)
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In a patient with Cervical Cancer, what kind of symptoms would you expect
- abnormal vaginal bleeding (like after sex)
- pain in the lower back
- pain while urinating
- pain during sex
- anemia (late symptom)
- weightloss (late symptom)
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What diagnostic test screens for Cervical Cancer?
PAP test
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If a pt is found to have cervical cancer, what 2 surgeries could be performed?
- Cryco (freezing technique)
- Laser
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Breast cancer risk is greatest in what population?
white women
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What are the risk factors for breast cancer
- multiple relatives with breast or ovarian cancer
- over 50
- early menarche (b4 12) and late menopause (after 55)
- first full term pregnancy after 30
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What are the 4 groups of axillary nodes and where are they located?
- Central axillary nodes—high up in the middle of the axilla, over the ribs and serratus anterior muscle. These receive lymph from the other three groups of nodes.
- Pectoral (anterior)—along the lateral edge of the pectoralis major muscle, just inside the anterior axillary fold.
- Subscapular (posterior)—along the lateral edge of the scapula, deep in the posterior axillary fold.
- Lateral—along the humerus, inside the upper arm.
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what are the 5 landmarks for locating lumps in the breast?
- lower inner quadrant
- upper inner quadrant
- upper outer quandrant
- lower outter quadrant
- axillary tail of spence
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What is the most common section of the breast to get carcinomas
OUQ
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Gynecomastia refers to
enlarged breast tissue in men
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In the 80's and 90's the patient's breast tissue is replaced with what
fibrous connective tissue
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When palpating the breasts for masses, how many fingers should be used?
the fat pads of 3 fingers
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Spokes on a Wheel Pattern
When Palpating, start at the nipple and palpate out to the periphery as if following spokes on a wheel.
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Concentric Circles Pattern
When palpating the breast start at the nipple and palpate in concentric circles, increasing out to the periphery.
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What are some abnormal findings on a breast exam?
- Sudden increase in size of one breast
- Hyperpigmentation
- Redness and Heat with inflamation
- Unilateral Dialated veins
- Edema
- Deviation in nipple; nipple retraction
- dimpling, puckering in breast tissue
- enlarged lymph nodes
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When should the pt perform a breast exam and why
One week after menses cuz their breasts are smallest and least congested
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When should pts get mammograms?
Beginning at age 40
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What are some risk factors for ovarian cancer?
- 55 to 65
- positive family history
- history of breast or colon cancer
- Nulliparity (not having kids)
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A pt with ovarian cancer may have what kind of symptoms
- bloating
- indigestion
- abdominal discomfort
- pelvic heaviness
- loss of appetite
- change in bowel habits
- abnormal vaginal bleeding
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