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What is transformation?
the genetic alteration of a bacterial resulting from the transfer of foreign DNA
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What did Griffith show?
unexpected discovery of bacterial transformation -> heredity information can be passed between cells
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What did Avery show?
took proteins out of the mix and saw the same results; DNA mus be causing the change!
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What did Hershey and Chase show and how did they do it?
- What- DNA is genetic material
- How- labeled protein and DNA
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What is Chargaff's rule?
- made key DNA observations that became known as Chargaff's rule
- Purines-Pyrimidines
- A-T & C-G
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What did Rosalind Franklin do?
worked with x-ray diffraction, revealed that DNA had the shape of a coiled spring or helix
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What did Watson and Crick do?
- deduced that DNA was a double helix
- used tinker-toys with Chargaff and Franklin's research
- got famous, didn't give credit to other people
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What is DNA and what is its structure?
- a double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for cell growth, division, and functionstructure- double helix
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What makes up the sides of the DNA "ladder" and how are they bonded?
- alternating phosphate
- Deoxyribose sugar
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What makes up the rungs of the DNA "ladder" and how are they bonded?
- nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) A-T & C-G
- hydrogen bonds (makes DNA twist)
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Why does A bond with T and G bond with C?
because they fit together perfectly; they are complementary of each other
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How are DNA and RNA similar and different?
- DNA- double stranded, has deoxyribose sugar, and contains A T G C
- RNA- single stranded, has ribose sugar, and contains A U (uracil) G C
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What does anti-parallel mean?
a term applied to two molecules that are side by side but run in opposite directions
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What is DNA replication and where does it occur?
- the process whereby a copy of a DNA molecule is made and thus the genetic information it contains is duplicated
- nucleus
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What is Semi-conservative Replication?
when two new DNA molecules are formed, each double helices would have one new strand and one old strand
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What did Meselson-Stahl show?
semi-conservative replication is the actual way that DNA replicates
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What are leading and lagging strands and why do they occur?
- Leading- is made continuously from one primer
- Lagging- is assembled in segments created from many primers
- DNA polymerase can only build a strand of DNA in one direction
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What is helicase?
an enzyme that unwinds the double helix (DNA)
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What is DNA Polymerase?
reads along each naked single strand adding the complementary nucleotide
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What are Okazaki fragments and what is Ligase?
relatively short fragment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication
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What are SSBPs?
Single Stranded Binding Proteins
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What is Primase?
an enzyme that puts down a short piece of RNA termed the primer
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What is a mutation?
a permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene or a chromosome; the process in which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome
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What do mutations in Germ-Line Tissues do?
passed to offspring
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What do mutations in Somatic Tissues do?
only passed to descendant cells
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What are point mutations?
- change in nucleotide sequence of one or a few base pairs
- may be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.
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What are base substitutions?
- one or more nucleotides changed into different basescan cause amino acid to change or not
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What are frame-shift mutations?
- insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides
- change 'reading frame'
- proteins built incorrectly
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What is transposition/translocation?
- transposition: the movement of a piece of dNA around the chromosome (from one gene to another part of the genome), usually through the function of a transposable element
- translocation: two chromosome = no homologus
- part of chromosome is transferred to another chromosome
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What are the monomers and polymers of nucleic acids?
- Monomer- nucleotides
- Polymer- DNA or RNA
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What are the three types of RNA and what does each do?
- mRNA- codes for the chemical blueprint for a protein (during protein synthesis)
- rRNA- plays a role in transferring information from dNA to the protein-forming system of the cell
- tRNA- attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell
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What is RNA polymerase and what does it do?
an enzyme that is responsible for making rna from a DNA template
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What is transcription ans where does it occur?
the process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into acomplementary strand of RNA in the nucleus
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What is translation and where does it occur?
decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain in the cytoplasm
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What are codons and anticodons?
- codons- set of three adjacent nucleotides
- anticodons- sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on one end of transfer RNA
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What is crossing over, why is it important, and when does it occur?
- two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material
- so not all of your siblings look exactly the same as you
- occurs at the stage when chromatids of homologous chromosomes
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What are homologous chromosome, when do they pair (synapse) and when are they separated?
- a chromosome with the same gene sequence as another
- pairs with another chromosome during meiosis
- in anaphase
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What are gametes and somatic cells, how are they produced, what is their function, and how many copies do they contain of each chromosome? (haploid vs diploid)
- Gametes- sperm or egg cell, produced in meiosis, 23 chromosomes
- Somatic- body cells, produced in mitosis, 46 chromosomes
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Is Interphase part of mitosis? Explain your answer.
No because mitosis is the process in which a diploid cell divides its chromosomes/cytoplasm into two non-diploid cells. Interphase just prepares for the division.
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