A&P Final

thick wrinkles or folds in the cortex of the cerebrum or cerebellum

a protein with a long shaft-like tail and a globular head; constitutes the thick myofilament

ringing in your ears

a loss or impairment of voluntary movement in a body part, caused by injury or disease of the nerves, brain, or spinal cord

the Oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths of the CNS deteriorate and are replaced by hardened scar tissue

an organ or cell specialized to detect chemicals

the eyes; respond and absorb light and generate a chemical or electrical signal. There are 3 kinds: rods, cones, and certain ganglion cells

a neuron specialized to respond to heat or cold, found in the skin and mucous membranes

(F) - a fibrous protein made of a long chain of G actin molecules twisted into a helix; main protein of the thin myofilament

dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments

a light band composed of thin filaments only

inflammation of the conjunctiva (eye)

the attachment site at its more mobile end

the bony site of attachment at the relatively stationary end

abnormal sensations of prickling, burning, numbness, or tingling; a symtpom of nerve trauma or other peripheral nerve disorders

• - 12th cranial nerve
• - motor; controls tongue movements

• - inflammation of the meninges
• - bacteria invade the CNS by way of the nose or throat

• - 10th cranial nerve
• - mixed-
• - the most extensive distribution of any cranial nerve, supplying not only organs in the head and neck, but also most viscera of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
• - control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary functions

inflammation of the brain, accompanied by fever, usually caused by mosquito-born viruses or herpes simplex virus; causes neuronal degeneration and necrosis; can lead to delirium, seizures, and death

• - 6th cranial nerve
• - motor
• - controls lateral eye movement

• - "tough mother"
• - forms a loose fitting sleeve called the dural sheath around the spinal cord

consists of a simple squamous epithelium, the arachnoid membrane, adhering to the side of the dura

• "delicate mother"
• - delicate, translucent membrane that closely follows the contours of the spinal cord

• 5th cranial nerve
• - mixed
• the largest of the cranial nerves and the most important sensory nerve of the face. it forks into three divisions:
• - ophthalmic
• - maxillary
• - mandibular

• - K diffuses easier than Na
• - Therefore, Na/K pump is used to keep regulated
• - Neurons leak all the time
• - Na in and K out

(ACh) - a neurotransmitter released by somatic motor fibers, parasympathetic fibers, and some other neurons

any of the 12 pairs of nerves connected to the base of the brain and passing through the foramina of the cranium

any of the 31 pairs of nerves that arise from the spinal cord and pass through the intervertebral foramina

• a slit through a bone
• (orbital fissures behind the eye)

a groove in the surface of an organ, as in the cerebrum or the heart

• Posterior Cruciate Ligament
• prevents the femur from sliding off the front of the tibia and prevents the tibia from being displaced backward

• Anterior Cruciate Ligament
• - prevents hyperextension

the study of structure/form

the study of the structure and function of individual cells

inflammation of a bursa, usually due to overextension of a joint

A form of bursitis in which a tendon sheath is inflamed

smallest particle of living organisms with unique identities

a structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function

deoxyribonucleic acid

• - composed of parallel flattened sacs covered with granules called ribosomes
• - produced the phosolipids and proteins of the plasma membrane

• - powerhouse of the cell
• - organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP

allows some substances to pass through while excluding others

where the optic nerve leaves the rear of the eye

the tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment

pertaining to the head, neck, and trunk; excludes the appendicular portion

a watery, low protein fluid similar to blood serum, formed as a filtrate of the blood or tissue fluid or as a secretion of serous gland cells; moistens the serous membrane

a lubricating fluid similar to egg white in consistency, found in the synovial joint cavities and bursae

an oily secretion of the sebbaceous glands that keeps the skin and hair pliable

• formed only in the external ear canal -
• - combines with sebum and dead epithelium cells to form earwax (cerumen)

the fine hair present on the body before puberty

• the most significant factor in skin color
• - two types: eumelanin and pheomelanin

a substance that causes or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected

the study of the all the systems of the body one by one

the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life; smallest living thing

a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function

shaped like a nipple or layer of the dermis

a form of cartilage with clear matrix and fine collagen fibers but no elastic fibers or coarse collagen bundles

a connective tissue fiber, composed of elastin, stretches under tension and returns to its original length when released; responsible for resinence of organs - skin and lungs

a cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body

the hard connective tissue forming the substance of the skeleton of most vertebrates, composed of a collagen-rich organic matrix impregnated with calcium, phosphate, and other minerals.

a tissue composed of cells or fibers, the contraction of which produces movement in the body.

an organ, composed of muscle tissue, that contracts to produce a particular movement.

brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control, and sensation

flat melanized patches that will vary with heredity and exposure to the sun

a reference posture that allows for standardized anatomical terminology. a subject in anatomical position is standing with the feet flat of the floor, arms down to the side, and palms and eyes directed forward

portion of hair above the skin surface

most deadly form of skin cancer that arises from melanocytes, often a preexisting mole

longer, coarser, usually more heavily pigmented. forms eyebrows and eyelashes and covers the scalp; forms axillary and pubic hairs after puberty

most common type of skin cancer but also the least dangerous

milk producing glands that develop within the female breast during pregnancy and lactation

a loss or impairment of voluntary movement in a body part, caused by injury or disease of the nerves, brain, or spinal cord

• categorical hemisphere
• controls the right side of the body

• representational hemisphere
• - controls left side of the body

the distance from one Z disc to another; the contractile unit of a muscle fiber

nerve cells that carry out the communicative role of the nervous system

thicker connective tissue sheath that wraps muscle fibers together in bundles called fascicles

specialized to detect stimuli such as light, heat, pressure and chemicals, and transmit information about them to the CNS

sends signals predominantly to muscle and gland cells - away from the CNS

ability to shorten

a process of a neuron that transmits action potentials; also called nerve fibers. one axon to one neuron. much longer and much less branched than dendrites

process of a neuron that recieves information from other cells or from environmental stimuli and conducts signals to the soma

• long term memory
• lasts up to a lifetime and is less limited than STM in the amount of information it can store

• short term memory
• - lasts from a few seconds to a few hours; may be quickly forgotten

most caudal part of the brainstem, immediately superior to the foramen magnum of the skull; connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

cerebrovascular accident - sudden death of brain tissue caushed by ischemia

the internal ear, consisting of a bony portion (bony labyrinth) and a membranous portion (membranous labyrinth).

the passage leading through the temporal bone to the tympanic membrane

memory loss, may ask the same questions repeatedly, reduced attention span, disoriented or lost in familiar places

a congenital defect in which one or more vertebrae fail to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosure of the spinal cord

Function: n : either of the two hollow convoluted lateral halves of the cerebrum

flattened, tightly compressed, transparent cells called lens fibers

• adjustable diaphragm that controls the diameter of the pupil
• colored part of the eye

• black part of the eye
• - central opening

the transparent anterior part of the external coat of the eye covering the iris and the pupil and continuous with the sclera

falling asleep 15 minutes after a pleasurable event occurs

a neuron either fires all the way or does not fire at all

referred to as a fit, is defined as a transient symptom of "abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain".

ANS - a motor nervous system that controls glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

arouse the body for action

calming effect

an insulating layer around a nerve fiber; formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS

any hearing loss, from mild and temporary to complete and irreversible

the fleshy skin on the outside of the ear, shaped and supported by elastic cartilage except for the earlobe

eardrum

white part of the eye

forms a cup shaped outgrowth of the diencephalon; actually part of the brain

the process by which an organism detects and interprets information from the external world by means of the sensory receptors

inability to obtain sufficient sleep, esp. when chronic; difficulty in falling or staying asleep; sleeplessness.

the mental capacity or faculty of retaining and reviving facts, events, impressions, etc., or of recalling or recognizing previous experiences.

includes reading, writing, speaking and understanding words - assigned to different regions of the cerebral cortex

a conical or nipple-like structure, such as a lingual papillae of the tongue or papilla of a hair bulb

a state in which the eye is relaxed and focused on an object more than 20 ft away

size and shape of an almond, nestled in a shallow fossa of the frontal bone in the corner of the orbit, tear secreting gland

• - heredity atteration or lack of one photopsin or another
• - most common form is red-green color blindness - sex linked recessive trait

• the body's largest and heaviest organ
• - 15% of the body's weight

pertaining to the extremities and their supporting skeletal girdles

composed of myocytes with a fusiform shape

limited to the heart - pump blood

may be defined as voluntary striated muscle that is usually attached to one or more bones

divides the body into right and left portions

the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves - also called midsagittal plane

• coronal plane
• - extends vertically but perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into front and back portions

• horizontal plane
• - passes across the body or organ perpendicular to its long axis

skin glands

lines passageways that open to the exterior environment; digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts

• - composed of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer
• - produces serous fluid

above

below

toward the ventral side

toward the dorsal side

toward the median plane

away from the median plane

closer to the point of attachment or origin

farther from the point of attachment or origin

a movement of the body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline

movement that turns the palm to face upward

movement causing the palm to face downward

one end of the appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion

foot movement that tips the soles medially - facing each other

movement that tips the soles laterally - away from each other

anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane

posterior movement

strongest bone of the skull;only one that can move noticably

largest facial bones; form the upper jaw

• lose contact with the surface and have no ducts
• - hormones- functions as chemical messengers to stimulate cells elsewhere in the body

maintian contact with surface by way of a duct

a connective tissue composed predominantly of adipocytes - fat

the fluid that circulates in the principal vascular system of human beings and other vertebrates, in humans consisting of plasma in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended.

farsightedness

inflammation of the synovial bursa of the great toe, usually resulting in enlargement of the joint and lateral displacement of the toe.

immovable joints

• the inferior portion of of the diencephalon of the brain, forming the walls and floors of the third ventricle
• - appetite, thirst, and body temperature

consists of two pairs of stalks called cerebellar peduncles

3 fibrous membranes between the CNS and surrounding bone; dura, arachnoid, and pia mater

spaces between the unfused cranial bones

big toe

the largest tarsal bone

the inner of the two bones of the leg, that extend from the knee to the ankle and articulate with the femur and the talus; shinbone

the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg, extending from the knee to the ankle

bone in the human leg extending from the pelvis to the knee, that is the longest, largest, and strongest in the body; thighbone.

kneecap

damage to the brain typically resulting from a blow, often with a loss of consciousness, disturbances of vision or equilibrium, and short term amnesia

the accumulation of fluid in and resultant swelling of the brain that may be caused by trauma, a tumor, lack of oxygen at high altitudes, or exposure to toxic substances

anesthesia produced by the injection of an anesthetic into the lumbar area of the spine in the space between the spinal cord and the dura, which eliminates sensation from the point of insertion downward, used esp. in childbirth

hip socket

prolonged, repeated movement of the wrists and fingers can cause tissues in the carpal tunnel to become inflamed and swollen

upper arm bone

• pinky side bone of lower arm
• longer than other

shoulder blade

• thumb side bone of lower arm
• shorter

collarbone

• bony plate anterior to the heart
• divided into: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

• inferior end of sternum
• provides attachment for some abdominal muscles

• slender u shaped bone between the chin and larynx
• does not articulate with any other bones

consists of 4 to 5 small vertebrae, usually fuse by the age of 20-30 into a singular triangular bone

of or pertaining to the compound bone of the base of the skull, at the roof of the pharynx.

an upright process on the anterior portion of the cribriform plate to which the anterior part of the falx cerebri is attached

muscular incoordination resulting from damage to the motor areas of the brain during fetal development, birth, or infancy - causes include prenatal rubella infection, drugs, or radiation exposure; oxygen deficiency during birth; and hydrocephalus

paralysis of all 4 limbs

located on the back of the thigh and assisting in bending the leg

a broad, flat muscle on each side of the upper and back part of the neck, shoulders, and back, the action of which raises, or rotates, or draws back the shoulders, and pulls the head backward or to one side

a large irregular opening from the posterior cranial fossa that is bounded anteriorly by the petrous part of the temporal bone and posteriorly by the jugular notch of the occipital bone and that transmits the inferior petrosal sinus, the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves, and the internal jugular vein

• an opening in the septum between the two atria of the heart that is normally present only in the fetus
• an oval opening in the greater wing of the sphenoid for passage of the mandibular nerve

the large opening in the base of the skull forming the passage from the cranial cavity to the spinal canal

a bone on each side of the face below the eye, forming the prominence of the cheek; cheekbone.

a long flat muscle on either side of the linea alba extending along the whole length of the front of the abdomen, arising from the pubic crest and symphysis, inserted into the cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs, and acting to flex the spinal column, tense the anterior wall of the abdomen, and assist in compressing the contents of the abdomen

a muscle made up of several layers of fibers passing in different directions that encircles the mouth and controls most movements of the lips (as compressing, closing, or pursing movements)

located in the front of the upper arm and assisting in bending the arm

the broad, thick, outermost muscle of the buttocks, involved in the rotation and extension of the thigh.

the tendon joining the calf muscles to the heel bone.

a muscle of the thigh that extends the leg

the large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates

assisting in drawing the shoulder forward and rotating the arm inward,

pertaining to muscles, parts, or intervals between the ribs.

the progressive wave of contraction and relaxation of a tubular muscular system, esp. the alimentary canal, by which the contents are forced through the system

a wasting away of the body or of an organ or part, as from defective nutrition or nerve damage.

a cell of osseous tissue within the bone matrix; a bone cell.

nearsightedness