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anatomy
the study of structures and relationships with and among these structures
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gross anatomy
anatomy that is visible to the naked eye
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histology
study of tissue structure
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cytology
study of cell structure
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physiology
study of the functioning of structures
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tissue
collection of similar cells that carry out the same funciton
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organ
group of different tissues that work together for a common function
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anterior
towards the front of the body
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posterior
towards the back of the body
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superior
higher or above, uppermost part of structure
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inferior
lower/ below lowermost part of structure
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medial
middle or midline of the body
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lateral
away from the middle
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proximal
closer to a point of attachment
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distal
farther from a point of attachment
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sagittal
- (sattle)
- runs vertically, divides body front + back
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frontal
(coronal)
- runs vertically
- divides body front + back
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transverse
horiziontal/ parallel to the grounnd
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integumentary
- protection, regulates temp, prevents water loss + provides vit D
- skin, hair, nails and sweat glands
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skeletal
- protect, support, body movements, provides blood cells, stores minerals and fat
- bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints
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muscular
- produces body movements, maintains posture, produces body heat
- muscles (attached to skeleton by tendons)
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nervous
- detects sensations, control movements, physiological process, intellectual functions
- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
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digestive
- mechanical and chemical process of digestion, absorption of nutrients and elimination of wastes
- mouth, stomach, intestines, acessory organs
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respiratory
- exchanges O2 + CO2 between blood and air, regulates blood ph
- lunges, respiratory passages
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circulatory
- cardiovascular= transports nutrients
- lymphatic=lymphnodes, lymphatic vessels
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urinary
- removes waste from blood and regulates blood ph, water balance
- kidneys, urinary bladder, ducts that carry urine
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endocrine
- influences metabolism groath, reporduction
- pituitary glands, secretes hormones, pancreas, thyroid
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reproductive
- produces hormones that influences sexual functions and behaviors, produces and transfers sperm cells, produce oocytes @ site of fertilization
- ovaries, vagina, mammary glands, testes, penis
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simple squamous
- one layer
- flat calls
- little wear and tear
- forms microscopic capsules in lungs, makes up capillaries, makes up part of kidneys, filtering blood
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simple cuboidal
- one layer
- thick cells
- cubeshapes
- little wear and tear
- line intestine, stomach, kidneys, secreation, and absorption
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simple columnar cilliated
- one layer
- tall cells
- cilia on surface
- lining the tubes that go to lungs, moves things along
- provides mucas that captures debris in air
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stratified squamous
- many layers
- lots of wear and tear
- bottom cells continually reform
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nonkeratinized
stratified squamous
- where there is friction
- mouth or vagina
- wet or moist
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keratinized
stratified squamous
- protein
- waterproof, resistant to friction
- resist bacterial invasion
- outer layer of skin
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loose (areolar)
- few cells in fluid like matrix, loosely arranged fibers
- function= provides strength, flexibility, brings nutrients, removes waste
- found=skin, surrounding organs, blood vessels
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adipose
- fat tissue
- females have more
- contains large drrpolets of fat
- functions= reserve supply of energy, padding aganist ingury, insulator
- found=palms of hands, soles of feet, joints
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vascular
- blood
- fluid matrix/ plasma
- redblood cells, white blood cells, platlets
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fibrous
- dense white tissue w/ closely packed callagen fibers
- functions= bond things together, maintain flexibility
- found= ligaments, tendons
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cartilage
- white, strong, flexible protein
- lays down outline for skeleton before birth
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hyaline
cartilage
- clear matrix
- connects ribs to sternum, end of long bones, and bridge to nose
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fibrocartilage
- tough
- many fibers
- shock absorbers
- found in interveterbral discs
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elastic
cartilage
- more flexible than hayline
- found in external ear
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bone
osseous
forms frame work for body
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osteoblasts
form/ repair bone
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osteclasts
break down bone to release calcium or repair damages bone
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general features of muscle tissue and what is its function
- composed of cells that have the ability to shorten up
- function: moves something, allows to move through
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skeletal muscle (5)
description, found, functions. voluntary or involuntary
- controls movement
- voluntary
- long microscopic cells with many nuclei
- muscle attached to bone
- striated
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smooth muscle (7)
discription, found, functions voluntary or involuntary
- not striated
- involuntary
- walls of hollow organs
- move something along
- spindal shapes cells
- changes size of blood vessels
- blood vessels, esophagus, stomach, bladder
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cardiac (4)
- long cells that have branches
- involuntary
- continuous rhythmic movement
- found in heart
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what is the function of nervous tissue
collect + transmit info
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what is skin color due and why does it range in color for the races of man?
- melanin, carotene and hemoglobin
- range is due to melanin programmed by DNA
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hair follicle
tissue that surrounds root
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hair bulb
- divides and push cells up
- add melanin and kertin
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sebaceous glands are usually associated with what?
oil, hair folicle
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what is sebum and what is it composed of
oil, salt, portein by sebacous glands
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what is the function of sebum
- lubricates hair and skin
- prevents excessive evaporation
- inhibits bacterial gorath
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what is perspiration composed of and what is its function
- mostly water
- some salt protein and sugar
- responds to heat
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what are nails made out of?
hard keratinized cells of the epidermis
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what is found at the very end of long bones
epiphysis
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what is another name for bone tissue
osseous tissue
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what is a foramrn
passage for blood vessels or nerves
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what is an articulation
where two bones meet
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skeletal
- voluntary
- attached to bone
- move body parts
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cardiac
- heart
- striated
- involuntary
- pump blood
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smooth
- not striated
- visceral
- involuntary
- push things along
- causes change in diameter
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which types of muscles are voluntary
skeletal
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origin
end of the muscle that is attached to the immoveable bone
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insertion
attached to moveable bone
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flexion
decreases in the angle between the anterior surfaces of the articulating bones
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extension
bring the body part back after a flexion
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hyperextention
continuation of the extension beyond the normal
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abduction
move body part away from body
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adduction
move toward midline
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rotation
movement of a bone around its own longitudinal axis
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circumduction
movement of a bone in a circle
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pronation
palm of the hand is turned posterior or inferiorly
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supination
palm of hand is turned anterior or superiorly
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occipitals
draws the scaple forward
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frontails
- draws the scaple forward
- raises eyebrows
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orbicularis oculi
closes eyes
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orbicularis oris
protrudes lips
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zygomaticus major
pulls edges of mouth upward
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temporalis
closes mouth/ jaw
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masseter
elevates mandible
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medial pterygoid
- elevates mandible
- moves mandible from side to side
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lateral pterygoid
- depresses mandible
- opens mouth
- moves mandible side to side
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platysma
- depresses mandible
- used in extending lower lip
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sternocleidomastoid
- when both contract= draws head forward onto chest
- contraction of one= draws the head left and right
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splenius capitis
extend head side to side
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spinalis muscles
longissimus muscles
iliocostalis muscles
- extension
- support vetebral column
- maintains posture
- moves vetebral column
- maintain curve
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rectus abdominis
- compresses abdomen
- flexes vetebral column
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external oblique
- compresses abdomen
- flexes vetebral column
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seratus anterior
- moves shoulders forward
- raises ribcage
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internal oblique
- compresses abdomin
- flexes vetebral column
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transverse abdominis
compresses abdomin
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pectoralis major
adduct or flexes shoulders
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trapezius
- raises shoulder upward
- draws shoulder back
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lastimmius doris
- adduct arm
- extended shoulder
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biceps brachii
flexes forearm
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triceps brachii
extends forearm
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brachioradialis
flexes forearm
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suminator
supinates forearm
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pronator quadratus
pronates forearm
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flexor carpi muscles
flex wrist
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plamaris longus
flex wrist
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flexor digitorum
flex phalanges
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extensor carpi muscles
extends wrist
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extensor digitorum
extends phalanges
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gluteus maximus
extends thigh
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hamstring
- extends lower leg
- flexes thigh
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quadriceps femoris
- extends lower leg
- flexes thigh
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gastrocnemius
- flexes lower leg
- extends foot
- calf
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tibialis anterior
felxes foot
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adductor magnus
- flexion of thigh
- adduct thigh
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adductor longus
- flex thigh
- bring leg lack in midline
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