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Which phyla are bilateral?
Chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, mollusks, and platyhelminths
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Which phyla are radial?
Cnidarians
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Which phyla are asymmetrical?
Poriferans
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Which phyla have coelomate?
Chordates, echinoderms, arthropods, annelids, and mollusks
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Which phyla are deuterostomes?
Chordates and echinoderms
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Which phyla are protosomes?
Arthropods, annelids, and mollusks
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What is spongocoel?
- The central cavity of sponges
- Facilitates water circulation (not a digestive chamber because no digestive enzymes are released into cavity)
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What is the osculum?
- The excurrent opening of sponges.
- Where water leaves the songe
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What are spicules?
a primitive form of the structural support of sponges
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What are cnidoblasts?
- Stinging cells that all cnidarians have
- Used for protection and for catching food
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What are nematocysts?
Stinging devices on the surface of the tentacles that cnidarians discharge when they brush against a potential prey item or predator
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What is the sexual stage of the cnidarian life cycle?
- Medusa
- They contain gonads which are clusters of gametes (eggs and sperm)
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What does it mean that hydra are unusual?
They can reproduce both asexually (like polyps by "budding") and sexually (with eggs and sperm, like the medusa form)
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Platyhelminths are the first phylum to have what?
Bilateral symmetry, three distinct body layers and true organ systems: sensory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems
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What is cephalization and which animal displays it?
- The differentiation and specialization of the anterior end of the body (in the head)
- Flatworms
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What advantage are being both bilateral and having cephalization to an animal moving through its environment?
Bilateral symmetry allows the animal to have directed movement which can help when searching for food or escaping predators. It also allows for quicker and precise response to stimulation since the nervous system is cephalized and much more complex.
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How do planarians take in food and pass wastes?
Through a pharynx, an extendible, muscular tube on the ventral side of the animal
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How does the gastrovascular cavity differ from a spongocoel in structure and function?
- The gastrovascular cavity is for digestion and internal transport, the spongocoel facilitates water circulation.
- The spongocoel is bigger than the gastrovascular cavity.
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Which phylum are hermaphrodites?
Platyhelminths
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What three structures do all mollusks have in common?
- A muscular head-foot which is a visceral mass
- A fleshy mantle that secretes
- A protective (internal or external) shell
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What are the three major classes of mollusks?
- Surface-feeding gastropods (snails)
- Filter-feeding bivalves (clams)
- Free-swimming, predatory cephalopods (squids)
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What is the mantle?
- A dorsal fold of tissue that secretes the shell
- In clams and snails, the shell is external; in squid and octopus, the shell is reduced and internalized
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Mantle cavity
- Contains the gills
- Water drawn into the mantle cavity is used for gas exchange
- In squid, water forced out of the mantle cavity can be used for jet propulsion
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Adductor muscles
Two large muscles attached to the shell and used to pull the valves tightly closed in clams
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How hass the head-foot evolved in cephalopods
It has evolved into a separate head and several, sucker-covered tentacles
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What are siphons?
- Clams extensions of the edge of the mantle
- Water passes into the mantle cavity through the ventral, incurrent siphon and out through the dorsal, excurrent siphon
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What does it mean to be serially segmented?
- The body is composed of repeated similar segments or "metameres"
- This condition is known as metamerism and is also found in arthropods and chordates
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What is coelom?
- A "second" body cavity that surrounds and is completely separate from the digestive cavity
- Inside this fluid-filled space the internal organs:
- a. increase their surface are by bending and coiling (human intestine)
- b. can fill, empty, and slide past one another, lubricated with coelomic fluid (human lungs)
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What are setae?
Setae are bristles on earthworms that attach to surfaces and prevent backsliding during persisteltic motion
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What is parapodia?
Pairs of fleshy projections along the side of the clamworms body
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How might parapodia aid in gas exchange?
Parapodia have a large surface area and keep fresh water with a high oxygen concentration constantly moving over the respiratory surface.
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How might the parapodia aid in locomotion?
The contraction of the parapodia allow it to move
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What is the largest phylum?
Arthropods
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What does arthropod mean?
Joint-footed
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What two unique features do all arthropods have in common?
An exoskeleton and jointed appendages
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What three parts are insects divided into?
- head, thorax, and abdomen
- In crustaceans and arachnids, the head and thorax are fused into a cephalothorax
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Which body divisions of arthropods still show the remnants of ancestral segmentation?
The abdomen
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How many pairs of walking legs to arthropods have and to what body division are they attached?
- Insects have 3
- Crustaceans and arachnids have 4
- The thorax or cephalothorax
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Which arthropods have antennae?
Insects and crustaceans
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How many pairs of antennae do insects have? crustaceans?
Insects have one and crustaceans have two
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What are chelicerae?
In arachnids, the first pair of appendages that has been modified into fang-like mouth parts
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What are pedipalps?
- In spiders, the second pair of ancestral appendages
- For manipulating food and, in males, for transferring sperm to the female
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Which arthropod has wings?
Insects
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What do wings enable insects to do?
- Exploit widely dispersed food sources
- Escape from predators
- Disperse into new habitats
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Compound eyes
- Larger, with multiple facets/lenses
- Compound eyes form images and are especially well adapted for detecting motion
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deuterostome
second mouth
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Water vascular system
- Unique to Echinoderms
- The tube feet of the starfish are part of this
- hydraulic, water fills the tube feet making them rigid enougth to all the starfish to walk
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Dermal papulae
Protrusions of the coelom that serve as sites of gas exchange on starfish
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All chordates have:
- A dorsal, hollow nerve cord
- A notochord (a stiff rod running under the nerve cord)
- Pharyngeal ("throat") gill slits
- Tail
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The seven classes of the subphylum, vertebrates (animals with backbones) fall into two major groups:
- The fishes (lamprey eels, cartilaginous fishes (sharks) and bony fishes
- The tetrapods (four foot) amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
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Tunicates
- Invertebrates (no backbone)
- Dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal gill slits; tail
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Cnidarians
Jellyfish, hydra
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Mollusks
- Gastropods (snails, slugs)
- Bivalves (clams, oysters)
- Cephalopods (octopus, squid)
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Arthropods
- Arachnids (spiders)
- Crustaceans (crabs, lobsters)
- Insects
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Chordates
- Invertebrates (tunicates)
- Vertebrates (sharks, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals)
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Which phylums have gastrovascular cavities?
Cnidarias and Platyhelminths
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Meiosis is from what to what?
Diploid spore mother cell to haploid spores
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Fertilization is from what to what?
Haploid gametes (egg and sperm) to diploid zygote
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What is mitosis?
The division of the nucleus
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Where does meiosis ONLY occur?
In spore mother cells
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What type of plants are mosses?
BryophytesThey lack vascular tissues; have on true stems
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What types of plants are ferns?
Seedless, vascular
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What do ferns and mosses have in common?
Flagellated sperm that need to swim through surface water to reach the egg in the female gametangia
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fronds
large, leathery leaves ferns are known for having
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rhizome
the reduced, underground creeping stems that roots grow off of in ferns
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sori
clusters of (spore producing) sporangia on the underside of the fronds of ferns
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Which parts of the fern are sporophyte?
The sporangia, fronds, roots and rhizomes
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What are gymnosperms?
Vascular plants with "naked" seeds (conifers: cone-bearing plants)
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What are "naked" seeds?
Seeds that are not protected inside a fruit
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What do gymnosperms and angiosperms have in common?
reproduction except that the reproductive structures are housed inside cones instead of inside flowers
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Where is the sporangia in gymnosperms?
In the male cones where microspores are produced which develop into small male gametophytes (pollen grains)
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What is in the female cones of gymnosperms?
The female gametophyes, which have been reduced to small clusters of cells that develop into seeds when fertilized by pollen
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What does the female gametophyte in gymnosperms consist of?
- One or more gametangia, each containing an egg cell
- A mass of haploid tissues from the female gametophyte
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Contrast the mode of sperm delivery in ferns with sperm delivery in conifers
In conifers, regular meiosis takes the pollen grains into the ovule fertilizing and producting a seed. In ferns, it is carried through the anteridium to the archegenium where fertilization takes place
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What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants
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Where does reproduction occur in angiosperms?
In the flowers, where sexual reproduction occurs, in which seeds are formed, and from which fruits develop.
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Where is pollen produced in angiosperms?
Inside the anther of a flower
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How does pollen production begin in angiosperms?
With the specialized cells called microspore mother cells
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Where are eggs (female gamete) produced in angiosperms?
Inside the ovules of the flowers ovary
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How does egg production begin in angiosperms?
With the specialized cells called megaspore mother cells
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What is double fertilization?
- It is in angiosperms
- It involves two fertilization events, the first triggers development of the embryo and the second provides nutrition for the embryo
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What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
- Pollination is when pollen is transferred in plants, enables sexual reproduction
- Fertilization is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism
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What are pericarps?
The ripened ovary wall
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What is vegetative reproduction?
- When plants reproduce asexually
- This only requires one parent to produce new plants
- All the offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant, because only mitosis is involved, not meiosis
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