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5 Steps of the Scientific Method
- Observation
- Question
- Hypothesis
- Test
- Results
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3 components of Cell Theory
- -The Cell is the basic unit of life
- -Every living thing is composed of 1 or more cells
- -Every cell descends from a pre-existing cell (living cells give rise to new cells)
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The semi-fluid matrix that suspends all organelles; Assembly and storage of proteins takes place here
Cytoplasm
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Contains all the chromosomes; Message center of the cell
Nucleus
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Lipid and protein synthesis in the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Modifies and ships proteins to other parts of the cell
Golgi Apparatus
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Produces energy by breaking down chemical energy through aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
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Living membrane that encloses the entire cell
Plasma Membrane
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Ability to maintain a constant internal environment despite the outside environmental conditions
Homeostasis
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Prokaryotic cell characteristics not held by eukaryotic cells
- No nuclear membrane or membrane-bound organelles
- Nucleolus not present
- Nuclear body is called 'nucleoid'
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Eukaryotic cell characteristics not held by prokaryotic cells
- Membrane-bound organelles
- Nucleolus present
- Nuclear body is called 'nucleus'
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Organisms that are complete and independent as single cells. Ex. Kingdom Protista
Single-celled Organisms
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Organisms that contain different cells; Organized into tissues and organs. Ex. Kingdoms Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae
Multi-cellular Organisms
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Group of single celled organisms; If seperated, can survive and function as single cells
Colonial Eukaryotes
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Different types of these cells serve different functions; Make up organs and tissues of body
Multicellular Eukaryotes
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Storage tank for plant cells; stores water, protein, salt, carbs, and waste
Central Vacuole
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Traps energy from sunlight and converts it into food and usable energy for the plant; "Powerhouse"
Chloroplast
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Rigid outer cell wall in plants; Maintains cell shape and protects cell from damage; "Armor"
Cellulose Membrane
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Internal framework of animal cells
Cytoskeleton
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Plant cell characteristics not held by animal cells
- Rigid cells wall made of cellulose (provides structure and support)
- Contain chloroplasts (autotrophic)
- Large central vacuole (controls water movement and nutrient transfer)
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Animal cell characteristics not held by plant cells
- No cell wall-only plasma membrane (cytoskeleton provides structure and support)
- No chloroplasts (heterotrophic)
- No large central vacuole (have digestive and circulatory system)
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Dispersal of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration
Diffusion
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Living cells have membranes that are _____ _____ to solvents.
differentially permeable
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Concentration of salts and sugars in the cell vs in the liquid surrounding the cell
Tonicity
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The diffusion of water from an area of higher to lower concentration; Plasma membrane allows it to flow in and out of cell; Helps regulate tonicity-balance the cell
Osmosis
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3 Tonicity States
- Hypotonic
- Istotonic
- Hypertonic
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More solutes (salts and sugars) inside the cell than outisde of the cell; Normal state for plants
Hypotonic
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Concentration of solutes higher outside of the cell than inside
Hypertonic
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Balance of solutes outside and inside the cell; No movement of water; Normal for animal cells
Isotonic
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In plants, causes the cell membrane to seperate from the cellw all due to a hypertonic solution-cell dies; salt water kills plants
Plasmolysis
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____ can absorb wavelengths from solar radiation.
Chloroplasts
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Process by which plants, some bacterian, and some protistans use external loght energy to produce internal energy.
Photosynthesis
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Energy + 12 H20 + 6 CO2 =
6 H2O +6 O2 + C6H12O6
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What are the reactants in photosynthesis?
Energy+Water+Carbon Dioxide
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What are the products of photosynthesis?
Water+Oxygen+Glucose
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Animals' energy come from...
external food
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Left to right with formula represents _______, while right to left represents ________.
phtosynthesis; aerobic respiration
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What rough percentage of an organisms energy goes towards respiration?
90%
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Energy production from oxygen
Aerobic respiration
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What is the byproduct of respiration?
Carbon Dioxide
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Energy production without oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration
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3 main products of anaerobic respiration
- Carbon Dioxide
- Alcohol
- Lactic Acid
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Chloroplast contain ____ that gives plants a green color.
chlorophyll
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Cellular duplication (2 identical daughter cells)
Mitosis
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Sexual reproduction (4 unique daughter cells [gametes])
Meiosis
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3 reasons cells divide
- Growth (mitosis)
- Repair (mitosis)
- Reproduction (meiosis)
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5 steps of mitosis that involve the division of the nucleus
- Interphase
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
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Final division step of mitosis where the rest of the cell divides; organelles split up
Cytokinesis
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The packaged DNA
Chromosome
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One of the halves that make up the chromosome
Chromatid
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The connecting point of the chromatids
Centromere
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Phase where cells functions as designed OR Cell enters into mitosis (growth and repair)
Interphase
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Phase where chromosomes are formed and spindles begin to develop
Prophase
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Phase where nuclear envelope breaks; Centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell; Chromosomes line up in the middle of cell; Longest phase (20 min)
Metaphase
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Phase where sister chromatids seperate; Shortest phase (few minutes)
Anaphase
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Phase where cell begins to develop into 2 cells; nuclear envelope starts to develop around chromatids; DNA begins to unwind; Division of nucleus complete
Telophase
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Phase where cytoplasm and everything in it divides
Cytokinesis
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Animal cell division characteristics not held by plant cells
- Cytokinesis
- Forms a clevage furrow
- Microtubules pinch cell into two
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Plant cell division characteristics not held by animal cells
- Form a cell plate
- Forms along the equator that becomes the cell wall
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Father of modern genetics
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)
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What is Mendel known for working with?
Pea plants
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What did Gregor Mendel do?
Traced characteristics of successive generations.
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How many alleles per gene?
2 (mom and dad)
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Genetic makeup of an organism; trait that is not seen
Genotype
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Physical expression or observable characteristic of the genotype (what you see, ex. eye color)
Phenotype
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Holds the information to pass on traits to offspring
Gene
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Alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait (brown or blue eyes)
Allele
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Allele expressed even if just one is present
Dominant allele
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Allele expressed only if there are 2 present
Recessive allele
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The __ chromosome is linger than the __ chromosome, thus most sex-linked traits are linked to the __ chromosome.
X; Y; X
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Developed the concept of natural selection.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
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_____ do NOT evolve. _____ do.
Organisms; Populations
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H.B.D. Kettlewell conducted an experiment on
dark and peppered moths
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