BIO Lab Final

5 Steps of the Scientific Method

3 components of Cell Theory

The semi-fluid matrix that suspends all organelles; Assembly and storage of proteins takes place here

Contains all the chromosomes; Message center of the cell

Lipid and protein synthesis in the cell

Modifies and ships proteins to other parts of the cell

Produces energy by breaking down chemical energy through aerobic respiration

Living membrane that encloses the entire cell

Ability to maintain a constant internal environment despite the outside environmental conditions

Prokaryotic cell characteristics not held by eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cell characteristics not held by prokaryotic cells

Organisms that are complete and independent as single cells. Ex. Kingdom Protista

Organisms that contain different cells; Organized into tissues and organs. Ex. Kingdoms Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae

Group of single celled organisms; If seperated, can survive and function as single cells

Different types of these cells serve different functions; Make up organs and tissues of body

Storage tank for plant cells; stores water, protein, salt, carbs, and waste

Traps energy from sunlight and converts it into food and usable energy for the plant; "Powerhouse"

Rigid outer cell wall in plants; Maintains cell shape and protects cell from damage; "Armor"

Internal framework of animal cells

Plant cell characteristics not held by animal cells

Animal cell characteristics not held by plant cells

Dispersal of molecules from an area of higher to lower concentration

Living cells have membranes that are _____ _____ to solvents.

Concentration of salts and sugars in the cell vs in the liquid surrounding the cell

The diffusion of water from an area of higher to lower concentration; Plasma membrane allows it to flow in and out of cell; Helps regulate tonicity-balance the cell

3 Tonicity States

More solutes (salts and sugars) inside the cell than outisde of the cell; Normal state for plants

Concentration of solutes higher outside of the cell than inside

Balance of solutes outside and inside the cell; No movement of water; Normal for animal cells

In plants, causes the cell membrane to seperate from the cellw all due to a hypertonic solution-cell dies; salt water kills plants

____ can absorb wavelengths from solar radiation.

Process by which plants, some bacterian, and some protistans use external loght energy to produce internal energy.

Energy + 12 H₂0 + 6 CO₂ =

What are the reactants in photosynthesis?

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Animals' energy come from...

Left to right with formula represents _______, while right to left represents ________.

What rough percentage of an organisms energy goes towards respiration?

Energy production from oxygen

What is the byproduct of respiration?

Energy production without oxygen.

3 main products of anaerobic respiration

Chloroplast contain ____ that gives plants a green color.

Cellular duplication (2 identical daughter cells)

Sexual reproduction (4 unique daughter cells [gametes])

3 reasons cells divide

5 steps of mitosis that involve the division of the nucleus

Final division step of mitosis where the rest of the cell divides; organelles split up

The packaged DNA

One of the halves that make up the chromosome

The connecting point of the chromatids

Phase where cells functions as designed OR Cell enters into mitosis (growth and repair)

Phase where chromosomes are formed and spindles begin to develop

Phase where nuclear envelope breaks; Centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell; Chromosomes line up in the middle of cell; Longest phase (20 min)

Phase where sister chromatids seperate; Shortest phase (few minutes)

Phase where cell begins to develop into 2 cells; nuclear envelope starts to develop around chromatids; DNA begins to unwind; Division of nucleus complete

Phase where cytoplasm and everything in it divides

Animal cell division characteristics not held by plant cells

Plant cell division characteristics not held by animal cells

Father of modern genetics

What is Mendel known for working with?

What did Gregor Mendel do?

How many alleles per gene?

Genetic makeup of an organism; trait that is not seen

Physical expression or observable characteristic of the genotype (what you see, ex. eye color)

Holds the information to pass on traits to offspring

Alternative forms of a gene for each variation of a trait (brown or blue eyes)

Allele expressed even if just one is present

Allele expressed only if there are 2 present

XX =

XY =

The __ chromosome is linger than the __ chromosome, thus most sex-linked traits are linked to the __ chromosome.

Developed the concept of natural selection.

_____ do NOT evolve. _____ do.

H.B.D. Kettlewell conducted an experiment on