-
Metabolic Alkalosis
- heavy loss of acid or increased HCO3
- increased pH
-
Metabolic Acidosis
- high acid content of blood=a loss Na HCO3
- decreased pH
-
Respiratory Alkalosis
- decreased CO2
- increase pH
- hyperventilation
-
Respiratory Acidosis
- increased CO2
- decreased pH
- hypoventilation
-
Bicarbonate (HCO3) abg
22-26 mEq/L
-
-
-
-
-
BUN/Creatinine Ratio
- 6:1 - 20:1
- Increaed- dehydration or protein breakdown
- Decreased- low protein intake, overhydration, liver failure
- increase in both indicates renal failure
-
Creatinine
- 0.3-1.3 mg/dl
- increased-damage to large number of nephrons(kidney's)
- decreased- indicates atrophy of muscle tissue
-
BUN
- 5-25 mg/dl
- increased- diseased or damaged kidneys
- decreased renal perfusion (shock,CHF)
- dehydration (lack of volume can't excrete waste)
- high protein diet
- bleeding in GI tract
- decreased- over hydration
- increase ADH
- liver dysfunction
- increased plasma volume(pregnancy)
-
calcium (Ca2+)
- 9-11 mg/dl
- cell permeability
- blood coagulation
- nerve impulse transmission to myocardium and skeletal muscle
- hypo-insufficient vit D, hypomagnesia, hyperphosphatemia(Ca2+ binds w/phosphate) hypoparathyroidism (controls Ca2+) protein malnutrition, renal failure
- hyper- hyperparathyroidism, breast and lung CA, prolonged immobilization
-
potassium (K+)
- 3.5-5 mEq/L
- Major intracellular electrolyte
- neuromuscular and nerve impulse transmission
- hypo-metabolic alkalosis, loop diuretics
- hyper- tissue trama, renal failure, RBC hemolysis, potassium sparing diuretics
-
sodium (Na+)
- 135-145 mEq/L
- nerve impulses
- Regulation of ECF
- major extracellular electrolyte
- hyper-excess aldosterone secretion=saves salt
- hypo- SIADH (dilution, not actually low)
-
phosphate (PO43-)
2.8-4.5 mg/dl
-
Magnesium (Mg2+)
- 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
- Decreased levels= K+ leaving cell to be excreted by kidney
- hyper-excess antacid/laxitive
- hypo-ETOH abuse, renal disease
-
chloride (cl-)
- 95-105 mEq/L
- bound with K+
- maintenace of ECF
- hypo-metabolic alkalosis
- hyper- acidosis
-
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
- 60-70 seconds
- therapeutic 1.5-2 times normal
- regulate heparin therapy
-
prothrombin time (PT)
- 11-12.5 seconds
- therapeutic 1.5-2 times normal
- regulate coumadin therapy
-
platelet count
- 1000/mm3
- 150-400
- values may increase with strenuous exercise high altitudes or oral birth control
- may decrease with hemorrhage DIC infections prosthetic heart valves some drugs asa
-
white blood cell count (WBC)
- 1000/mm3
- 5-10
- stress exercise anesthetics and convulsions can increase values
-
red blood cell count (RBC)
- million/mm3
- Male-4.7-6.1
- Female-4.2-5.4
- exercise and high altitudes can increase values
- pregnancy usually lower
-
Hematocrit (Hct)
- Male-42%-52%
- Female- 37%-47%
- pregnant->33%
-
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
- g/dl
- Male-14-18
- Female-12-16
- slight decreases if pregnant
- high altitude living increases values
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