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where are growing long bones prone to fracture
physis
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most physes close by what age?
1 year
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how are physeal fractures closed? why
salter or salter harris
prognosis
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how many salter harris fractures are there?
list/ what do they involve
- SH 1. involves just the physis
- 2. physis and thru metaphysis
- 3. physis and epiphysis (articular)
- 4. thru jt and across physis
- 5. compression fracture of physis
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most common type of physeal fracture
2
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what physeal fractures have a good prognosis
1 and 2
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why do types 3 and 4 have poor prognosis?
articular surfaces involved must align anatomically of DJD
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how are compression and traction physeal fractures treated?
- compression: immobilization
- traction: immobilize and counteract pull of the attached muscle
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when are the majority of the physes of the limbs closed?
exceptions
by 1 year except iliac crest 1-2.5 and pelvic symphysis 5-6 and possibly head of the humerus
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what are the last physes of the shoulder and stifle to close?
head of the humerus 13 mo and tibil tuberosity
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when does the physis of the anconeal process close
4-6 months ( conisdered ununited if open at 6 mo)
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why is the median nerve more in danger in the cat than dog if the humerus is fractured?
supracondylar canal
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what is failure of the anconeal process to fuse with the unla by 6 months of age?
ununited anconeal process
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what improper development commonly leads to arthritis of the elbow
fragmented medial coronoid process
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what small sesamoid bone on the medial carpus may be mistaken for a chip when seen in xrays
sesamoid bone of the oblique capral extensor
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what must be removed when declawing to prevent regrowth
dorsdal part of the ungual crest
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facture whose bone twisted apart
spiral fracture
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what fractures do and do not penetrate the skin
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fracture where bone of the skull is pushed inward
depressed fracture
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what is the name for the separation of a small fragments of bone where a ligament of a tendon attaches
avulsion fracture
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fracture that is a small piece of bone chipped off a bone
chip fracture
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flat piece of bone separated common in horse carpals
slab fracture
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fracture that has splinted into many fragments
comminuted fractures
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fracture where the broken endds of the bone are driven into each other
impacted fracture
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inflammation of the bone
osteomyeltis or ostetitis
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what is a piece of dead bone separated from the rest of the bone in osteomyelitis..... must be removed to heal
sequestrum
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common sources to harvest cancellous bone
tibial tuberosity, greater tubercle of the humerus, greater trocanter of the femur, wing of the ilium
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what is inflammation of a tendon, tendon sheath?
tendinitis, tendosynovitis
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what is osteochondrosis OC
a defect in endochondral ossification which causes the deeper layers of articular acrtilage to die
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what is osteochondrosis dissecans OCD
osteochondrosis with a dissecting flap or separated piece of cartilage (joint mouse)
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what is the most common place for osteochondrosis in dogs
shoulder, head of humerus
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list name for inflammation of a joint
arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoarthrosis, ostoearthrophy
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what is an infection in a joint where bacteria, virus and or fungus that causes cartilage damage
septic (infectious, bacterial) arthritis
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DJD
degenerative joint disease
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what is an osseous (bony) outgrowth seen radiographically
osteophyte/ bone spur
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what is the term for an increase in the density of a bone
sclerosis
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what is immobility and consolidation of a joint due to disease, injury or surgical procedure
Ankylosis
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what is destruction of a bone, seen as reduced density (blk)
Lysis
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what is luxation or a dislocation
complete loss of contact btw articular surfaces of a joint
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subluxation
partial loss of contact btw articular surfaces of a joint
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why are articular fractures difficult to treat
much achieve anatomical reduction and rigid skeletal fixation to perfectly align the carto;age surface or it will rapidly lead to DJD
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what is a possible sequela to Salter type 5 fracture (compression)
angular limb deformity (valgus and Varus deviation of bones from the axis of the limb past joint)
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what is valgus and varus
- Valgus: lateral deviation of bones past the joint L=LATERAL
- Varus: medial deviation of bones past the joint
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what results from twisting or overstretching a joint causing a ligament to tear or separate from its bony attachment
sprain
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what is inflammation of a bursae
bursitis
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what muscles must be transected to remove the entire forelimb including the scapula
all the extrinsic muscle of the forelimb
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what is atrophy of supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm which causes a prominent scapular spine called and when causes it
- sweeney
- suprascapular nerve damage
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what results from radial nerve paralysis of the extensors of the thoracis limb
inability to stand, knuckling over of digits
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what is the most impt layer that must be opposed when closing a paramedian midline incision
external rectus sheath
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what is the most impt structure to close in a midline incision
linea alba
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how would you locate the trachea for an emergency tracheostomy
skin incision in the ventral neck, sep strap mm
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what muscle and nerve must be functional to bear weight on the pelvic limb
quadriceps m and femoral nerve
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what muscles are paralysed with obturator nerve damage resulting inlateral slipping on a slick surface
adductor m
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why does an animal knuckle over on the pelvic limb with fibular (peroneal) nerve damage
paralysis of extensors of the digits
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what is the only laryngeal muscle which opens the glottic cleft
cricoarytenoides dorsalis m
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what muscles do the facial nerve innervate
muscles of facial expression, orbicularis oculi m
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what muscles are innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
muscles of mastication
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what do the 3, 4, 6 cranial nerve innervate
extrinsic mm of the eye
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what does thehypoglossal muscle nerve innervate
tongue
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