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Role of Skeletal System
- support soft tissues
- protect delicate structures
- surace for attachments
- storage for minerals
- hematopoeisis
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Long Bones
- upper and lower extremities
- contribute to height and length
- ex: humerus, femur
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Short Bones
- wrist, ankle
- contribute to movement
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Flat Bones
- Relatively Thin
- contribute to shape (structural contour)
- ex: ribs, some skull
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Irregular Bones
- all other bones
- ex: spinal cord, jaw
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Ball-and-Socket Joint
- rounded head of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity in the other
- flexion-extension
- abduction-adduction
- rotation
- ex: shoulder, hib
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Condyloid Joint
- oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone
- flexion-extension
- abduction-adduction
ex: wrist joint
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Gliding Joint
- articular surfaces ar flat
- flexion-extension
- abduction-adduction
- ex: carpal bons of wrist, tarsal bones of feet
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Hinge Joint
- spool-like surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone
- only flexion-extension
- ex: elbow, knee, ankle
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Pivot Joint
- a ring-like structure that turns on a pivot
- movement is limited to rotation
- ex: joints btwn atlas/axis, btwn proximal end of radius/ulna
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Saddle Joint
- bone surfaces are convex on one side and concave on another
- movement side to side, back and forth
- ex: joint btwn trapezium/metacarpal of thumb
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Abduction
lateral movement of a body part away from the midline of body
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Adduction
lateral movement of a body part toward the midline of the body
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Circumduction
- movement of the distal part of the limb to trace a complete circle while the proximal end of the bone remains fixed
- ex: leg oustretched, move in circle
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Flexion
state of being bent
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Extension
state of being in a straight line
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Hyperextension
- state of exaggerate extension
- often results in an angle greater than 180 degrees
- ex: cervical spine is hyperextended when head is looking straight up
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Dorsiflexion
Backward bending of the hand or foot
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Plantar Flexion
flexion of the foot
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Rotation
- turning on an axis
- the turning of a body part on the axis is provided by the joint
- ex: a thumb is rotated in a circle
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Internal Rotation
- a body part turning on its axis toward the midline of the body
- ex: turning hips/toes in toward body internally rotates the legs
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External Rotation
- a body part turning on its axis away from the midline of the body
- ex: leg is rotated externally when it turns outward at the hip and the points point away from the midline
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Pronation
- assumption of the prone position
- ex: lying on abdomen
- ex: palm facing downward
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Supination
- assumption of the supine position
- ex: person lying on the back
- ex: palm facing upward
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Inversion
- movement of the sole of the foot inward
- occurs at the ankle
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Eversion
- movement of the sole of the foot outward
- occurs at the ankle
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Role of the Muscular System
- motion
- maintainence of posture
- heat production
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Role of the Nervous System
- Afferent NS: sends info to CNS, neurons conduct impulses to body, CNS processes info to form a response
- Efferent NS: conveys response from CNS to skeletal system via Somatic Motor System
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7 Variable that Influence Body Alignment and Mobility
- Developmental
- Physical Health
- Mental Health
- Lifestyle
- Attitude/Values
- Fatigue/Stress
- External Factors (weather, financial, time)
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Isotonic Exercise
- muscle shortening and active movement
- ex: ADL, active ROM, jogging, walking
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Isometric Exercise
- muscle contraction without shortening
- no movement or only minimum shortening of muscle fibers
- ex: quad/gluteal contraction while in seated position
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Isokinetic Exercise
- muscle contraction with resistance
- ex: rehab exercises, lifting weights
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Muscle Tissue
produces movement by contraction of its cells
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Skeletal Muscle
works with tendons and bones to move the body
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Cardiac Muscle
- forms the bulk of the heart
- produces the regular contractions that create the heartbeat
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Smooth Muscle
- forms the walls of the hollow organs (stomach/intestines)
- in the walls of blood vessels and other hollow tubes (ureters) that connect internal organs
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Point of Origin vs. Point of Insertion
- Point of Origin: attachment of a mucle to the more stationary bone
- Point of Insertion: attachment of a muscle to the more movable bone
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Body Mechanics
- efficient use of the body as a machine and as a means of locomotion
- principles used to prevent illness, promote health
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Orthopedics
correction or prevention of disorders of body structures used in locomotion
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Tonus
- state of slight contraction
- usual state of skeletal muscles
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Contracture
- permanent contraction of a muscle
- result of prolonged bed rest, lack of exercise/joint movement, poor posture
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Body Alignment/ Posture
- alignment of body parts that permits potimal musculoskeletal balance and operation
- promotes healthy physiological fxning
- no undue strain on parts of body
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Balance
- center of gravity is close to its base of support
- line of gravity goes through the base of support
- object has a wide base of support
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Center of Gravity
- the point at which an object's mass is centered
- located in the center of the pelvis about midway btwn the umbilicus and symphysis pubis
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Postural Reflex:
Labyrinthe Sense
- sense of position and movement is provided by the sensory organs in the inner ear
- stimulated by body movement
- trasmit these impules to cerebellum
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Postural Reflex:
Proprioreceptor/Kinesthetis Sense
informs the brain of the location of a limb or body part as a result of joint movements stimulating special nerve endings in muscles, tendons, and fascia
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Postural Reflex:
Visual/Optic Reflex
visual impressions contribute to posture by alerting the person to spatial relationships with the environment
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Postural Reflex:
Extensor/Stretch Reflex
when extensor muscles are stretched beyond a certain point, their stimulation causes a reflex contraction that aids a person to reestablish erect posture
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Scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
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Kypohosis
increased convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine
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Osteoarthritis
(Degenerative Joint Disease)
- noninflammatory, progressive disorder of movable joints, particularly weight-bearing joints
- deterioration of articular cartilage
- pain with motion
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Sprain vs Strain
- Sprain: wrenching or twisting of a joint results in a partial tear or rupture to its attachments
- Strain: less seriousstretching of a muscle
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Dislocation
displacement of a bone form a joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, and capsules
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Fracture
- break in the continuity of a bone or cartilage
- cause: traumatic injury or some underlying disease process
- Healing: realignment, immobilization, restoration of the bones fxn
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Cerebral Motor Cortex
major role of controlling precise, discrete movements
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Basal Ganglia
integrate semivoluntary movements such as walking, swimming, laughing
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Cerebellum
assists cerebral motor cortex and basal ganglia by making body movements smooth and coordinated
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Pyramidal Pathways
- convey voluntary motor impulses form brain through the spinal cord
- 2 pathways: pyramidal and extrapyramidal
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Aerobic Exercise
sustaine (often rhythmic) muscle movements that increase blood flow, HR, metabolic demand for oxygen over time, promoting CV conditioning
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Stretching Exercises
movements that allow muscles and joints to be stretched gently through their full range of motion, increasing flexibility
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Ankylosis
- consolidation and immobilization of a joint
- permanently fixed
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Atelectasis
incomplete explansion or collapse of lung tissue
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Range of Motion
complete extent of movement of which a joint is normally capable
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Paresis vs. Paralysis
- Paresis: impaired muscle strength or weakness
- Paralysis: absense of strength secondary to nervous impairment
- Hemiparesis: weakness of one half of the body
- Hemiplegia: paralysis of one half of the body
- Paraplegia: paralysis of the legs
- Quadriplegia: paralysis of the arms and legs
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