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endocrine
releases substances (hormones) into bloodstream
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exocrine
releases substances to outside of body or into intestines (digestive enzymes)
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hypothalamus
- "control center" for pituitary gland
- produces releasing factors which stimulate the pituitary to produce hormones
- influences endocrine organs
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anterior pituitary
- growth hormone (GH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- prolactin
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posterior pituitary
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- oxytocin
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hypothyroidism (myxedema)
- decreased production of thyroid hormone
- swelling of face, weight gain, slow metabolism
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hyperthyroidism (Grave's disease)
- too much thyroid hormone
- eyes bulge = exophthalmus
- anxiety, weight loss, arrhythmias, tachycardia, rapid metabolism
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growth hormone
- target organs: bone, cartilage, liver, muscle
- functions: stimulates growth and increases use of fats for energy
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pituitary dwarfism
- a growth hormone disorder
- hyposecretion in children
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gigantism
- a growth hormone disorder
- hypersecretion in children
- usually caused by pituitary tumor
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acromegaly
- enlargement of extremities
- a growth hormone disorder
- hypersecretion in adults
- usually caused by pituitary tumor
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prognathism
- elongated mandible
- found in gigantism and acromegaly
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adrenocorticotropic hormone
- target organ: adrenal cortex
- function: stimulates cortisol (stress hormone) secretion
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Cushing disease
- an adrenocorticotropic hormone disorder
- hypersecretion of cortisol
- weight gain, hair loss, slow healing, moon face, buffalo hump
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antidiuretic hormone
- vasopressin
- target organ: kidneys
- functions: increases water re-absorption in nephrons
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diabetes insipidus
- an antidiuretic hormone disorder
- hyposecretion
- excess urine production, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances
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non-pituitary hormones
- calcitonin
- thyroxine
- triiodothryonine
- parathyroid hormone
- glucocorticoids
- mineralcorticoids
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
- glucagon
- insulin
- estrogen and testosterone
- melatonin
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glucagon
- a pancreatic hormone
- increases blood glucose by stimulating breakdown of glycogen
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hypoglycemia
hyposecretion of glucagon yielding low blood sugar
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insulin
- a pancreatic hormone
- decreases blood glucose by stimulating cells to take up glucose from blood
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diabetes mellitus type I
- caused by hyposecretion of insulin from the pancreas
- usually autoimmune process where body attacks the insulin-producing cells
- causes hyperglycemia
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hyperglycemia
- high blood glucose
- caused by DM type I and II
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diabetes mellitus type II
- caused by cells not responding to insulin
- caused by poor food choices and genetics
- plenty of insulin is produced, but cells don't act as they should
- causes hyperglycemia
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symptoms of diabetes mellitus
polydipsia: excessive thirst (due to water loss in urine)
polyuria: excessive urination (due to excess water in urine)
polyphagia: excessive eating (due to inability to utilize glucose)
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central nervous system (CNS)
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
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cerebr/o
cerebrum
the largest part of the human brain
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cerebrospinal
pertaining to the brain and spinal cord
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mening/o
memingi/o
meninges
the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
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memingitis
inflammation of the meminges
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neur/o
nerve
impulse carrying cells that relay information in our bodies
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neurologist
doctor that specializes in diseases of the nervous system
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neuropathy
damage to or disease of a nerve
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cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
liquid that brain and spinal cord is contained in
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sciatica
pain in posterior thigh due to compression or irritation in the sciatic nerve (runs from low back down the back of the legs)
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skeletal system
- bones (206)
- joints
- cartilage (protect bone surface)
- ligaments (connect bone to bone)
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skeletal system functions
- framework for muscle/organ attachment
- aid in support of body weight and movement
- hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells)
- mineral storage (calcium)
- protection of vital organs
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osteoclasts
bread down bone (parathyroid hormone)
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osteoblasts
build bone (calcitonin)
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bone parts
- epiphysis (ends)
- diaphysis (middle)
- epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
- red bone marrow (blood forming)
- yellow bone marrow (fat storage)
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tendons
attach muscles to bone
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smooth muscle
- unstriated muscle
- involuntary
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cardiac muscle
heart muscle
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osteomalacia
- softening of the bone
- rickets
- caused by not enough vitamin D
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myodynia
- muscle pain
- myalgia
- fibromyalgia
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costcochondritis
inflammation of rib cartilage
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arthritis
inflammation of a joint
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ankylosing spondylitis
inflammation of vertebra causing fusion
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myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
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multiple myeloma
a cancer of certain white blood cells
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osteoarthritis
- most common
- older aged individuals
- previous injury to joint
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rheumatoid arthritis
- autoimmune
- cartilage is attacked
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gout (gouty arthritis)
uric acid deposition
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osteoporosis
- decrease in density of bones
- common after menopause in females
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arthroscopy
using and arthroscope to take a look inside and repair a joint
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arthroplasty
surgical repair (usually replacement) of a joint
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