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define acellular agent
agents that can not reproduce independantly of living cells nor carry out cell division
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T/F: Viruses contain DNA and RNA
False. Viruses can only contain RNA or DNA not both
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Define Viron
a complete virus particle
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a protein coat that encloses viral DNA or RNA
capsid
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Capsids are composed of subunits called ________
capsomers
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Nucleocapsid
nucleic acid and capsid
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This acellular agent contains RNA only
viroid
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3 styles of capsid morphology
helical, icosahedral, and complex
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This acellular agents is an infectious protein
Prions
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Define bacteriophage
viruses that exclusively infect bacterial cells
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a bacteriophage will transfer DNA by this mechanism
bacterial transformation
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The method of bacterial HGT when uptake of DNA fragments or a plasmid uptake occurs
Bacterial transduction
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This HGT involves F+ using a sex pili to attach to a F- bacterium
Bacterial conjugation
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T/F: A plasmid replicates along with the chromosome
F: The plasmid replicates independantly
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This method of DNA repair uses UVR complexes to scan DNA to identify thymine dimers
Nucleotide excision repair
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This kind of test test's for mutagenicity
The Ames test
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The genes for a sex pilus and plasmid transfer are found where?
On the plasmid of a F+ bacterium
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the worst kind of mutation that codes for non-functional proteins
frameshift mutation
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this mutation substitutes one base into the sequence and doesnt cause a change in amino acid sequence
silent mutation
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this kind of mutation codes for an early "STOP" in aminoacid synthesis
nonsense mutation
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A single base substitution that changes one amino acid overal in the chain, changing the protein
Missense mutation
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a small magnitude of mutations is known as a _______ mutation
point
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T/F: a gene mutation can occur spontaneously without exposure to mutagens
- true. transition/transversion
- insertion of mobile elements
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a mutation when a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine
transversion mutation
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the source of mutations to form a thymine dimer
UV radiation
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this kind of mutation transforms a mutant typre to a wild-type
reverse mutation
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this type of gene mutation transforms a wild-type to a mutant type
forward mutation
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this kind of mutation occurs when a second mutation counteracts the effect of the original mutation
suppression mutation
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T/F: a gene mutation is never nuetral
F. A gene mutation may be silent, causeing no change
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T/F: a frameshift mutation may involve a insertion or deletion
true
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Lactose operon exhibits _______ regulation
negative
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This activates proteins; post-translational regulation
phosphorylation of proteins
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these proteins regulate translation
antisense RNAs
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T/F: antisense RNAs may enhance or inhibit translation
T.
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T/F: lactose operon is ON when glucose levels are high and lactose is present. This is and example of __________ regulation
- F. When glucose levels are high cAMP is low. Yes lactose is present, but glucose digestion is prefered.
- Global regulation
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What is diauxic growth?
when a preferable carbon (food) source is used over another when both are available. Ex glucose present with lactose--> glucose digested first
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Catabolote repression is mediated by?
CAP and cAMP
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T/F: attentuation regulates the lactose operon
false. Attenuation regulates the trp operon.
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If the energy source is organic molecules for a organism, then is it called?
chemoorganotroph
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an organism that uses inorganic molecules as an energysource is called?
chemolithotroph
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an organism that uses light for its energy
phototroph
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An organisms that uses organic molecules as a carbon source
heterotroph
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an organism that uses CO2 as a carbon source
autotroph
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An organism that uses organic molecules as an electron source
organotroph
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an organism that uses inorganic molecules as an electron source
lithotroph
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An aerobic organisim creates ATP through this process _______ ________
oxidative phosphorylation
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T/F: aerobic and anerobic respiration both make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
True
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T/F: the products of fermentation is pyruvate
False. Pyruvate is the electron acceptor (glucose split into pyruvate). H2 gas, CO2 gas are products of fermentation
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Oxidation of organic chemicals is known as?
Chemoorganotrophy
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Chemolithotrophy:
oxidation of inorganic molecules
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Phototrophy:
energy obtained directly from sunlight
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2 types of Eukaryotic microbes
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3 classes of protists
- protozoa
- algae
- slime + water molds
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This substance is only found in the cell walls of fungi
chitin
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a unicellular fungi
yeasts
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a multicellular fungi
mold
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this organelle is responsible for cell division, signal transduction, and cell movement
plasma membrane : phospholipid bilayer
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makes up microfilament composition
actin
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organelle containing dicytochromes
golgi apparatus
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An organelle responsible for energy conservation in anaerobic protists
hydrogenosomes
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an organism thats uses dead organic material as a carbon source. Type of organism
saprotroph - fungi
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an organism that gets its carboin source from a living organism.
symbiont (fungi)
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yeasts belong in the _____ class of fungi
ascomycota
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an example of a zygomycota
filamentous fungi - multicellular
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T/F: a fungi reproduces sexually via mitosis.
F. A fungi reproduces asexually through mitosis because it is hapliod --> dives via binary fission. Meiosis is sexual reproduction
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Unicellular fungi (yeats) produce asexually via?
budding - mitosis of haploid cells
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In yeasts, this type of reproduction process ________is regulated by phermones
- sexual reproduction
- spore forming in ascus
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when nutrient poor a yeast will replicate by which method?
Meiosis, produces spores.
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4 stages of infectious disease
- Incubation
- Prodromal
- Illness
- Convalescent
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Define pathogenicity
the ability of a microbe to cause disease
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T/F: an infection is a synonym for disease
F. An infection is when microbes penetrate host defenses that may lead to disease.
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Disease:
microbes may display pathogenicity; cummulative infections accumulatye and damage cell tissue
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When a microbe is eliminated or becomes apart of an organisms natural flora, it falls under this classification
infection
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