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Learning
- change in an organism’s behaviour or thought as a result of experience
- relatively permanent change in organism's behaviour/ nerual func.
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Types of Learning
- 1) Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge)
- 2) Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude)
- 3) Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)
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Habituation
- process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
- simplest form of learning
- makes good adaptive sense
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Sensitization
- opposite of habituation
- responding more strongly to stimuli over time
- occures when stimulus is dangerous, irrating or both
- e.g. studying while the person enxt to you is whispering, which becomes very annoying to the point where you can't focus anymore
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Associationism
is the theory that elemental ideas, sensations and perceptions are organized by means of various associations
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Primary Laws of Association - factors that impact classical conditioning
- 1) Contiguity: things or events that occur close to each other in space or time tend to get linked together in the mind
- 2) Frequency: the more often 2 things or event are linked, the more powerful will be the association
- 3) similarity: if 2 things are similar, the thought of one will tend to trigger the thought of the other
- 4) Contrast: seeing or recalling something may also trigger the recollection of something completely opposite
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Clasical conditioning (Pavlovian or respondent cond.)
form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously netural stimulu that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)
initially neutral stimulus which, after conditioning, elicits a condition response (CR)
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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning
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Unconditioned response (UCR)
automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus
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Condietioned response (CR)
response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus as a result of conditioning
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Exogenous factors that impact classical conditioning
- frequency of the CS-UCS pairing
- consistency
- timing
- belongingness (e.g. taste belongs w/ food)
- strength of the US
- autonomic arousability
- classical conditionability
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Aversive conditioning
classical conditioning to an unpleasant UCS
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Acquistion
learning phase during which a conditioned reponse is establised
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Extinction
gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
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Spontaneous recovery
sudden re-emergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay following an extinction procedure
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Stimulus generaliztiong
- - process by which conditioned stimuli that are similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response
- - e.g. dog reacting to a similar sound, but with a weaker response
- - bad for phobias, e.g. not afraid of just of spider, but also pictures, toys, etc.
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Stimulus discrimination
displaying a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus
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Higher-order conditioning
- developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus
- e.g. lemonade, Vietnam veterans
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Latent inhibition
difficulty in establishing conditioning to an already familiar stimulus
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Roles of classical conditioning
- can contribute to acquiring phobias
- can contribute to conquering phobias
- plays a role in drug tolerance, if cue(-dependent tolerance) are present, less of a CR
- conditioned compensatory: response: a CR that is the opposite of the UCR and serves to compensate for the UCR
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Fetishism
sexual attraction to nonliving things
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Operant conditioning
learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behaviour (punishment or reward)
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Positive reinforcement
- the presentation of a stimulus (what we would usually think of a pleasant stimulus following a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour
- e.g. giving candy to a child for being well-behaved
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Negative reinforcement
- the removal of a stimulus (what we would usually think of as a unpleasant stimulus) following a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour
- e.g. excusing child from chorse for being well-behaved
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reinforcement
outcome or consequence of a behaviour that strengthens the probability of the behaviour
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Punishment
outcome or consequence of a behaviour that weakens the probability of the behaviour
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Disadvantages of punishment
- tell one what not to do, not what to do
- creates anxiety which in turn interferes with future learning
- may encourage subversive behaviour prompting people to become sneakier about what they can and can't display forbidden behaviour
- punishment from parents may provide a model for children's aggressive behaviour e.g.- thinking slapping is acceptable
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Discriminative stimulus (Sd)
stimulus associated with the availability of reinforcement
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Partial reinforcement
only occasional reinforcement of a behaviour, resulting in slower extinction than if the behaviour had been reinforced continually
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Schedule of reinforcement
pattern by which a behaviour is reinforced
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Fixed ratio (FR) schedule
pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses
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Fixed interval (FI) schedule
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a specified time interval
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Variable ratio (VR) schedule
pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a variable number of responses, with the number varying randomly aroundsome average
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Variable interval (VI) schedule
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for the first response following a variable time interval, with the actually intervals varying randomly around some average
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Premack principle
principle that a less frequently performed behaviour can be strengthened by reinforcing it with a more frequent behaviour
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1) Ivan Pavlov
2) John B Watson
3) B. F. Skinner
4) Thorndike
- 1) discoverer of classical conditioning
- 2) founder of behaviourism & Little Albert
- 3) founder of radical behaviourism & Skinner Box
- 4) founder of operant conditioning
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