-
refers to the length of time calculated from the LMP to the point when the pregnancy is being assesed
gestations age or mentrual age
-
diameter of the normal yold sac should never excede
6mmm
-
which fetal body organ is most severely affected by IUGR
liver
-
increased vascular resistance to the fetus is reflected by:
an increase in S/D rate
-
what is the physiologic phenomenon involving the central nervous system processing of tissue damage
pain
-
what would not be considered a medical issue
family traditions
-
a condition that shows the fetal head elongated in the trasverse diameter and shortened in the anteroposterior
brachycephaly
-
the placenta of the macrosomic fetus can become
significantly larger
-
has an increased incidence of morbidity and mortality as the result of head and shoulder injuries
macrosomic fetus
-
interface between the decidua capsularis and the echogenic, highly vascular endometrium
double decidual sac sign
-
______ incorporates all fetal growth parameters
estimated fetal weight
-
in early pregnancy, the amniotic fluid is produced by
placenta
-
which principle requires the sonographer to acquire knowledge
nonmaleficence
-
macrosomia
a birthweight above the 90 percentile
-
embryonic heart begins to beat at
35 days
-
a normal AFI should range
between 5 to 222 cm
-
measurement that includes both fetal orbits at the same time to predict gestational age
binocular distance (BD)
-
the sonographer providing a detailed explanation of the exam would be:
respecting the patient's autonomy
-
when does the fusion of the corionic amnion occur
16 to 17 weeks
-
how do you measure the femur
perpendicular
-
the structure that carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC
ductus venosus
-
because of the low density of the brain tissue, it may appear
hypoechoic
-
formula for calculating a macrosomic index
CD - BPD
-
what three vessels are found in the umbilical cord
2 arteries , 1 vein
-
what shunts blood away from the lungs
ductus arteriosis
-
definite cardiac activity should be seen when the mean gestational sac diameter excedes
16mm
-
the cisterna magna size is measured from ___ to ___
vernus to occipital bone
-
size of the normal lateral ventrical
10mm
-
the CRL measurement can be used up to ___ wks
12
-
the anechoic center of a 5 -6 wk gestational sac represents
corionic cavity
-
asymmetric IUGR is caused by
placental insufficiency
-
biophysical evaluation includes all except
muscle tone
-
fetal intersts in sonography are understood exclusively in terms of
beneficence
-
dilation of the entire ventricullar system including the 4th ventrical is associated with:
spinal defects
-
an S/D ratio of the umbilical artery can be used to evaluate fetal well-being
-
S/D ratio cannot be measured when
diastolic flow is absent
-
symmetric IUGR is usually the result of:
first trimester insult
-
asymmetric IUGR is usually caused by
placental insufficiency
-
BPD is the measurement of the fetal head at the level of the
thalamus and cavum septum pellucidum
-
the most accurate measurement for determining gestational age is
crown rump length
-
frontal bones of the cranium that collapse forward describe
lemon sign
-
absence of one or both eyes is called
anophthalmos
-
with endovaginal sonography normal, cardiac activity should be demonstrated when the crl exceeds
7mm
-
the method whereby the fetus is categorized into the small, average, or large growth percentiles is called
groth adjusted sonar age
-
all long bones should be measured if the difference between the femur length and all other biometric parameters is
2 wks or greater
-
with endovaginal sonography, the earliest appearance of a normal intrauterine gestational sac should be seen with a serum beta hcg above
500mu/ml
-
linear acceleration of the embryonic heart rate correlates well with gestational age up to
9 wks
-
measurement of the biparietal diameter is taken from the
outer edge to inner edge
-
total number of pregnancies is called
gravidity
-
widest transverse diameter of the skull: proper level to measure the biparietal diamter is
midline echo conplex
-
the cranial bones ossify by
12 wks
-
cerebrospinal fluid tranvels from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle via the
foramen of Monro
-
the cavum septum pellucidi is observed in front of the
thalamus
-
fetal anatomy may be assessed accurately after
18 medntrual weeks
-
especially in the 3rd trimester, a fetus in the breech position may demonstrate a cranium shape of
dolichocephalic
-
beyond 20 wks of gestation , a renal pelvis is considered abnormal when measuring greater than
10mm
-
visualization of the distal femoral epiphysis signifies a gestational age beyond
333-35 wks
-
the normal lateral ventricle measures less than
10mm
-
nuchal skin fold thickness of 5mm or less is normal up to
20 wks
-
the cavity in which the fetus exists is called the
amniotic cavity
-
the first site of formation of red blood cells that will nourish the embryo is the
primary yolk sac
-
the beta hcg levels plateau and subsequently decline, whereas the gestational sac continues to grow after
8 wks
-
to calculate the mean sac diameter of a gestational sac, the following formula should be used
length + width + height/3
-
in the first trimester, herniated bowel will return within the abdominal cavity by the
12th wk
-
the diameter of the normal yolk sac should never exceed
6mm
-
a sonogram of a 10 sk gestation demonstrates a cystic area within the posterior cranium. this most likely represents
normal rhombencephalon
-
after fertilization of the ovum, the corpus luteum begins to secrete
progesterone with some estrogen
-
the blastocyst typically enters the uterus
4-5 days after fertilization
-
implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium occurs at
7-9 days after ovulation
-
the villi on the myometrial side of the conceptus is known as the
decidua basalis
-
placentaql implantation encroaching upon the lower uterine segment is termed
placenta previa
-
in the 2ns trimester the normal cervical length measures
3 to 4 cm
-
on transabdominal imaging, an overdistended bladder may give a false impression of
placenta previa
-
the embryo is a developing individual from implantation to the end of
10th gestational wk
-
approximately ___ of all pregnant women in the US are examined wit sonography
65%
-
diagnostic ultrasound has been in use since the late
1950s
-
matters that concern right and wrong conduct are called
morality
-
refers to a persons capacity to formulate, express, and carry out value-based preferences
autonomy
-
the duty of a health care professional to protect the privacy of a patient information
confidentiality
-
western medicine uses this principle to know what is in the clinical interest of the patient
primum non-nocere
-
the goal of seeking greater balance of clinical goods over clinical harms
beneficence
-
psychological phenomenon involving blocked intentions, plans, and projects
suffering
-
refers to honesty
integrity
-
describes the kind of person we should become and the virtues we should cultivate in doing so
morality
-
the discipline that seeks to articulate clear and practical guidelines for conduct and character
ethics
-
emphasizes individual rights and autonomy
the Nuremberg code
-
adherence to moral and ethical principles is called
integrity
-
which principle requires the sonographer to obtain appropriate education and clinical skills to ensure competence of each examination
non-maleficence
-
which principle encourages sonographers to go beyond the minimum standard of protocol and seek additional pertinent images as needed
beneficence
-
truthfulness with respect to abilities and limitations is an example of
veracity
-
ethical principle that determines the timing of a routine sonographic examination is
autonomy and justice
-
____ is served when protocols are standardized
justice
-
right of self-determination describes
autonomy
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