Sociology Final

1. Socialization – teaches cultural norms and values

2. Social integration – molding diverse population into one society

3. Cultural innovation – opportunity for academic research

4. Social placement- reinforces meritocracy (social mobility by merit )

5.Latent functions

a.Providing child care for working parents

b.Occupies students who would otherwise compete for limited opportunities in the job market

c.Opportunity for social networks (career resource, marriage )

Self – fulfilling prophecy – describes how self-image can have important consequences for how students perform in school

social control – a way of controlling people, reinforcing acceptance of the status quo

standardized testing – biased based on class, race or ethnicity – will always exist to some extent

1. reflects our society's dominant culture, minority students placed at a disadvantageb. School tracking – assigning students to different educational program

Public schools vs. private schooling (inequality in schooling)

1. Violence – schools do not create violence, violence spills into the schools from the surrounding society

2. Student passivitya.

• A. Bureaucracy
• Rigid uniformity
• Numerical ratings
• Rigid expectations
• Specialization
• Little individual responsibility

• 3. Dropout ratea.
• Dropping out – quitting school before earning a high school diploma

4. Declining academic standards

Functional illiteracy – a lack of reading and writing skills needed for everyday living

Grade inflation- the awarding of ever- higher grades for average work

1. School choice – seeks to make schools more accountable to the public

Magnet schools

Schooling for profit

Charter schools

2. Home schooling – advocates the poor performance of public schools

3. Schooling people with disabilitiesa.

Mainstreaming – integrating students with disabilities or special needs into overall education program

4. Adult Education

5. Teacher Shortage

Demography – the study of population (size composition and distribution of a society's population)

Composition – gender, social class, race, age of population

Distribution – where are they located (living)

Goal- anticipate future needs and trends

1. Fertility – the incidence of childbearing in a country's populationa.

Crude birth rate, the number of live births in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population

2. Mortality – the number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population

Crude death rate- number of deaths in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population

Infant mortality rate – the number of death among infants under one year of age for each 1,000 live births in a given year

Life expectancy – the average span of a country's population

3. Migration – the movement of people into and out of a specified territory

In-migration rate movement into a territory calculated as the number of people entering an area for every 1,000 people in a population

Out-migration rate movement out of a territory calcuated as the number of people leaving an area for every 1,000 people in a population

4. Population growth – the size of a society's populationa.

To calculate population growth, demographers subtract the crude death rate from the crude birth rate

5. Population composition- the makeup of a society's population at a given point in time

Sex ratio- the number of males for every 100 females in a nation's population

Age-sex pyramid- a graphic representation of the age and sex of the population