-
Traits associated with K selected species:
- Slow developing young
- Large parental investment
- Long life expectancy
-
Physical effects of fire:
- Ground surface heats faster
- Greater light penetration
- Affects nutrient turn-over
-
Negative exponential decay model of dispersal:
Y=ae^(-bx)
-
Synergistically refers to:
Combined effects are greater than the sum of the parts.
-
You should be able to find r-selected species in:
Unstable environments
-
A seed bank is:
Viable seeds that are in the soil and litter
-
Makes good ecologists:
- Strong natural history background
- Good quantitative skills
-
An adaptation is:
- An environmental process by which organisms become better adapted to their environments
- A geneetically determined characteristics which enhances the ability to cope with its environment
-
Soil profile: Rich in humus, consisting of partly decomposed organic material mixed with mineral soil:
"A"
-
Who coined the term ecology?
Ernst Haeckle
-
Range expansions can occur through:
-
Iteroparous organisms
Breed>one time
-
Poikilotherm can be defined as:
An animal whose body temperature is similar to the ambient temperature
-
Ways an organisms can cope/not cope with environmental changes
- Die
- Physiological changes
- Behavioral changes
- Changes is success
-
Ethology is:
Scientific study of behavior
-
Fitness is
Genetic contribution by an individual's descendants to future generations of a population
-
Dispersal:
Movement of an individual away from its natal or "home state"
-
Plants that are adapted to wet condition:
Hydrophytes
-
Plants that are adapted to dry conditions:
Xerophytes
-
Plants that are adapted to salty conditions:
Halophytes
-
Plants that are adapted to not too moist or too dry conditions:
Mesophytes
-
The ability to make high concentrations of urine:
Long loop of Henle
-
High surface to volume ratio:
Rapid rate of water loss
-
Store large amounts of water:
Camel
-
Kangaroo rats:
Ability to survive without any free water
-
Advantages and disadvantages of sociality:
- GOOD: Social facilitaion, Beater effect, Mutual vigilance
- BAD: Depletion of resources, Mate competition, More visible to predators
-
Two types of anticuckoldry mechanisms:
- Vaginal Plug
- Sperm competition
-
Examples of indirect effects:
- Apparent competition
- Diffuse competition
- Habitat modification
-
1,000 calories in a plant: 3 trophic levels: How many calories make it to the 3rd trophic level?
10
-
Useful locations to conduct paleocological research:
-
Primary consumer, generally:
Herbivore
-
Primary succession:
- Lava field
- Exposed sand dunes
-
Pleistocene overkill model:
- Humans arrived in United States 10k-20k years ago
- Early humans are responsible for extinction of North American megafauna
-
Trade winds run, generally:
from 30 degrees N. to the equator
-
Methane production:
- Anaerobic environments
- Digestive tracts of termites and cattle
-
Structures of an ecological community:
- Species composition
- Trophic
- Temporal
- Guilds
-
Community ecology: resistance is:
Tendancy of a community to undergo reletively little change following perturbations (disturbances)
-
Pleistocene refugia is:
Locations of species have been able to survive following the retreat of glaciers and successional changes.
-
-
Examples of secondary succession:
Fire
-
Anaerobic refers to:
Without oxygen
-
Fundamental niche
Range of resources a species can potentially use
-
Region on plant which receive the most solar energy per unit area:
Equator
-
Examples of ecological niches
- Desert granivores
- Flying (birds, bats) insectivores
-
Paleoecology inference is often based upon:
- Palynology
- Plant macrofossils
- Bones
-
Sere is:
Individual stages in succession
-
Species which may be found in a pioneer community:
Lichen and mosses
-
Cascading trophic interactions involve:
Alternating changes in biomass dependent on the tertiary consumer
-
Uniformitarianism applied to ecology is:
Ecological processes have been uniform through time
-
Hydrological cycle, transpiration is:
Plants uptake water through their roots and release it through their leaves
-
Ecosystems from lowest to highest in terms of primary productivity:
Desert<Grassland<Temperate forest<Reefs
-
Four basic components of population dynamics:
- Death rates
- Birth rates
- Immigration
- Emigration
-
Saprobism:
Feeding on: Carrion, dung, dead wood
-
Aposematic coloration:
Is a form of warning coloration
-
Density dependence:
Factor or factors affecting population size whose intensity of action varies with density: That is, densities at time t influence densities at time t+x
-
Reasonable biotic potential for birds:
1-2.5
-
Allee effect is:
A situation of higher population growth rate at a population desity above the minimum
-
Fires, floods, and ice-storms are examples of factors contributing to:
Density independent population dynamics
-
Equation which assumes continuous and unrestrained population growth:
dN/dt=rN
-
Commensalism is:
Neutral effect on strong species and positive effect on the weak species
-
Best describes parasitoids:
Flies or wasps that live as parasites within the egg, larvae, or pupa of another insect, consuming its tissues; eventually emerge and the host dies.
-
Parasites have life histories adapted to:
- Stable environments
- High reproductive rates
-
Asymmetrical competition is:
Where one species is a stronger competitor than another
-
"Currency" for measuring optimal foraging:
Fitness
-
Secondary compounds:
- Help plants reduce competition
- Contribute to plant defenses
-
Types of growth rate population dynamics (plotted on a graph):
- Monotonic (straight horizontal line-No growth)
- Eruptive (Big jump in population growth)
- Cyclic (cycles: an even frequency)
- Chaotic (Random peaks and valleys)
-
"a" represents:
"c" represents
- a=High mortality rates at birth
- c=Low mortality rate at birth
-
Which line is a type I functional response?
C
-
The figure illustrates:
Ghost of competition past
-
The picture shows:
Inverse correlation between intrinsic rate of increase and body size
-
What does each line represent?
- c=monotonic
- b=eruptive
- a=cyclic
- d=chaotic
-
Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model: What does A-D represent?
- D=Predator zero growth isocline
- B=prey decline, predator increases
- C=prey zero growth isocline
- A=Prey decrease, predator decrease
-
"X" represents:
Trade winds
-
What best identifies the interactions below? The driving force.
Keystone predation
-
What best describes the figure:
Low level of niche overlap
-
Know the following figure and what it represents for the test!!!
-
Type of age distribution:
Relatively stable distribution
-
What does each letter represent in respects to selection?
- B=Disruptive
- C=Stabilizing
- D=No selection
- A=Directional
-
Why type of response for each letter?
- A=Good competitor
- C=Handles stress well
- D=Handles disturbance well
- B=Intermediate life history
-
Biome is:
Large, distinct ecosystem characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals; anywhere on Earth
-
Overall appearance of vegetation: all characteristics
Physiognomy
-
What biome dominates Earth's surface?
Desert=19%
-
-
Name this biome:
Alpine Tundra
-
Name this biome:
Chaparral
-
Name this biome:
Cloud forest
-
Name this biome:
Desert
-
Name this biome:
Temperate deciduous forest
-
Name this biome:
Grassland
-
Name this biome:
Montane
-
Name this biome:
Arctic Tundra-In winter covered in snow
-
Name this biome:
Taiga
-
Name this biome:
Savanna
-
Name this biome:
Southeast pine forest
-
Name this biome:
Temperate rain forest
-
Name this biome:
Tropical dry forest
-
Name this biome:
Tropical hardwood hammock
-
Name this biome:
Tropical rainforest
-
Name this biome:
Nothern coniferous forest or boreal
-
Cold year round
Little precipitation 4-10"
Nothern latitudes
Permafrost
Arctic Tundra
-
Same as arctic tundra, but in higher elevations on mountains st some souther latitudes
Alpine tundra
-
Transition zone between tuntra and boreal forest
Taiga
-
Dominated by spruce, firs, and aspen
Low precip. 20"
Mild summers-long cold winters
Like tundra, HIGH insect pop
Boreal or northern coniferous forest
-
Simular to northern coniferous, only at upper elevations in mountainous regions
Montane forest
-
The biome we live in
Broad leaf trees
Wide temp. ranges
Temperate deciduous forest
-
Long-leaf pine and slash pine
Fire dependent habitat
Hot humid summers-cool winters
Southeast pine forest
-
Cool summers and cool-cold winters
High rain fall 80-150"
Lush vegetation: large conifers and ferns
Temperate rain forest
-
Found along coastal regions
Low elevation moutains
Cloud forest
-
Also known as Mediterranean scrub
20-30" rain
Moderate winters
warm to hot summers
Shrubs dominate
Fire dependent
Chaparral
-
<10" rain
Soil low in organic material
High in minerals
Arid
Desert
-
Precip 10-30"
Well developed organic layer
Influenced by rain shadows
Fire dependent
Grasslands
-
Transition zone between woodlands and grasslands
Precip. 30-60"
Has the classic "African Tree"
Savanna
-
Warm, relatively dry
palm woods typical
southern Texas and Central America
Tropical dry forest
-
Equatorial regions
Precip. 80-180"
Two seasons: wet and dry
Mineral poor soil
Tropical rainforest
-
Study of fresh water systems, including physical, chemical, and biological aspects
Limnology
-
Low productivity-lakes/ponds
Oligotrophic
-
High productivity-lakes/ponds
Eutrophic
-
-
Pond at GSU
Hypereutrophic
-
Lake superior
Hyperoligotrophic
-
In respects to lake zones:
Shallow area around the shore occupied by rooted vegetation
Littoral
-
In respects to lake zones:
Upper layers of open water:beyond the littoral zone
Limnetic
-
In respects to lake zones:
Bottom
Benthic
-
In respects to lake zones:
Light
Photic
-
In respects to lake zones:
No light
Aphotic
-
In respects to lake zones:
Open waters
Pelagic
-
Periphyton
- Microscopic "plants and animals" attached to macrophyts, rock, any substratum
- "Slippery Rocks"
-
Epilimnion
Warm upper layer of lake waters
-
Thermocline
Zone of rapid water temperature change
-
Hypolimnion
Cold lake water layer
-
-
The movement of organisms down stream that are carried by water movement
Down stream drift
-
3% salt concentration and covers 75% of the Earth
Oceanic or marine systems
-
Peak oceanic diversity occurs at what depth?
40-60'
-
Zones in respects of oceanic/marine systems:
Between low and high tide
Intertidal
-
Zones in respects of oceanic/marine systems:
Over continental shelf
Neritic
-
Zones in respects of oceanic/marine systems:
Open ocean
Oceanic
-
Benthos zones are:
Zones on the ocean floor
-
Zones is respects to oceans/marine:
Occupying the continental shelf floor
Sublittoral
-
Zones is respects to oceans/marine:
Continental slope
Bathyal (benthic) zone
-
Zones in respects to oceans/marine:
Extensive plains of the open ocean floor-VERY deep
Abyssal
-
Zones in respects to oceans/marine:
Deep oceanic trenches
The hadal zone
-
Oceanic zone which covers most of the Earth's marine floor
Abyssal
|
|
