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What type of things cause more stress, major stressful events or daily hassles?
daily hassles
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Why do minor stressors tend to be more related to mental health than major stressful events?
b/c they tend to add up and they tend to last
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What does stress lies in the eye of the beholder mean?
one event may be stressful to one person and not another
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What are the 3 types of conflict?
- approach-approach
- avoidance-avoidance
- approach-avoidance
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What is approach-approach?
- least stressful
- both results are positive
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What is avoidance-avoidance?
- most stressful
- both results are negative
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What is approach-avoidance?
1 choice and 2 aspects (either pos or neg)
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The bigger the change, the more effort it requires to adjust. Is is more stressful or less stressful?
more stressful
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Pressure involves ________ or ________ that one behave in a certain way.
expectations or demands
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When people are under stress, they often react ________.
emotionally
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What does the U-hypothesis mean?
arousal causes stress
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What is the general adaption syndrome?
model of body's stress response in 3 stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
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Explain giving up:
when confronted with stress you just give up & withdraw
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What is learned helplessness?
unavoidable events
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Explain striking out at others:
person under stress lets out frustration/anger onto others
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Explain indulging oneself:
lots of stress may cause excessive behavior like shopping, smoking, eating, drinking
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Explain defensive coping:
unconscious behavior, unpleasant emotions like anxiety & guilt
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Explain constructive coping:
- 1.confronting problem
- 2.resources
- 3. learning to reorganize
- 4.making an effort
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What does a Type A personality include?
competitive, impatient, & anger
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Type A persons are more or less likely to be prone to coronary heart disorder?
more
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Type B persons are...
more relaxed, layed back, 1 thing at a time
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Mental stress causes
heart disease
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Your immune system is _______ under stress.
weaker
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What are 2 key variables that help reduce the negative impact of stress?
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Smoking _______ the likelihood of developing a surprisingly large range of diseases.
increases
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Overeating has a _______ effect on a persons health.
negative
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Lack of exercise is linked to _______ _______.
poor health
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HIV is transmitted through person to person contact involving the exchange of ______, ______, & ______.
bodily fluids, semen, & blood
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People high in anxiety and low in self esteem tend to report more or less symptoms of illness than others?
more
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Who was Albert Ellis?
cognitive therapist who developed the Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)
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What is the ABC model?
A Activating event -> B Belief system -> C Consequence
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How does the medical model explain abnormal behavior?
it assumes abnormal behavior is like other forms of illness,
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What are the 2 criticisms of teh medical model?
- use of the word "sick"
- derogatory labels
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What are the 3 criteria of abnormal behavior?
- deviance
- maladaptive behavior
- personal/subjective distress
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What is deviance?
- out of the ordinary
- moving away from the norm
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What is maladaptive behavior?
- causes problems w/ daily things
- agoraphobia etc
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What is personal/subjective distress?
- psychological disorder
- depression
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Do different cultures have the same criteria of abnormal behavior?
No, what is normal in 1 culture may be abnormal in another culture
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Is there a sharp boundry existing between normal & abnormal behavior?
no
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What is used for pyschologists and psychiatrists to diagnose psychological disorders?
DSM
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DSM is said to be
multiaxial
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Explain: Anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder
- chronic, high level of anxiety not tied to a threat
- free floating anxiety
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Explain: Anxiety disorders: Phobis disorder
persistent, irrational fear of an object or situation
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Explain: Anxiety disorders: panic disorder & agoraphobia
recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety unexpectedly
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Explain: Anxiety disorders: OCD
persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts, rituals...washing hands
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Explain: Anxiety Disorders: PSD
psychological disturbance after a traumatic event: rape, accident
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What are psychosomatic diseases?
- genuine physical ailments
- emotional distress
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What are somatoform disorders?
physical ailments with No authentic organic basis
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Explain: Somatoform disorders: somatization disorder
history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin
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Explain: Somatoform disorders: conversion disorder
- significant loss of physical function
- usually in a single organ system...vision, hearing
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Explain: somatoform disorders: hypochondriasis
constant worry about developing physical illness
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Explain: Dissociative disorders: dissociative amnesia & fugue
- DS: sudden loss fo memory for important personal info
- DF: when people lose their memory for their whole life including personal identity
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Explain: Dissociative disorders: dissociative identity disorder
- multiple personality disorder
- 1 person has 2 or more very different personalities
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Explain: mood disorders: unipolar
experience depression only
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Explain: mood disorders: bipolar
experience depression and mania
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What happens in major depressive disorders?
people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair, lose appetite, can't sleep, and lose interest in activities
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What happens in a manic episode?
person's mood becomes elevated to the point of euphoria. self esteem sky rockets
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Explain Schizophrenic disorders
- split mind
- irrational thought (delusions), hallucinations, disturbed emotion
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How many types of treatments are there?
few hundred different approaches
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What is insight therapy?
talk therapy
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What is behavior thereapy?
dont do much talking, focus on behavior to change the unwanted behavior
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What is biomedical therapy?
medicine
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Who seeks therapy?
about 15% of population
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What the difference between clinical psychologist & counseling psychologist?
- CliPsy- treatment of more serious disorders
- CouPsy- deal with everyday adjustments (marriage, stress, career)
- only give insight treatment
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What are Pyschiatrists?
- medical drs. specialize in diagnosis & treatment of psychological disorders
- can employ both biomedical and insight treatments
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Explain: insight therapies: psychoanalysis
developed by Sigmund Freud, treats by discovering teh childhood conflict that led to the behavior
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Explain: insight therapies: client-centered therapy
providing a supportive emotional climate for the client
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Explain: insight therapies: cognitive therapy
detecting clients negative thinking and changing them
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Explain: insight therapies: group therapy
group members provide support and acceptance
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Explain: behavior therapies: systematic desensitization
counterconditioning
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Explain: behavior disorders: aversion therapy
pairing a want with undesirable response
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Explain: biomedical therapies: antianxiety drugs
relieve tension, nervousness
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Explain: biomedical therapies: antipsyochotic drugs
reduces psychotic symptoms, mental confusion, hallucinations
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Explain: biomedical therapies: antidepressant drugs
gradually elevate mood
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Explain: biomedical therapies: lithium
used to control mood swings in people with bipolar disorders
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Explain: biomedical therapies: electroconvulsive therapy
delivers electric current to brain, causing cortical seizure then convulsions
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What is an eclectic therapist?
involves using ideas and techniques from a variety of therapeutic approaches
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What does the community mental health movement emphasize?
- local, community based care
- reduced dependence on hospitalization
- prevention of psychological disorders
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What does deinstitutionalization mean?
whenever possible the mentally ill should be treated at community based facilities that emphasize outpatient care
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