Apoptosis

• cell shrinks
• cytoskeleton breaks up
• nuclear envelope fragments
• chromatin condenses and fragments

• apoptosis: cell shrinks
• necrosis: cell expands

In apoptosis. A cell shrinks and forms blebs on the altered cellular surface. The blebs can break off into apoptotic bodies

The phosphatidylserine flips from the cytosol to the extracellular space where it is never found, and this signals for "eat me" signals.

ssssssssserine + ssssssscytosol

necrosis

cell swells and bursts open

• in animal cells
• a protease that are activated for apoptosis
• can exist in the active or inactive form
• the active form is a tetramer
• activate other capsases

F: An active capsase can activate other capsases and is found in animal cells.

• activate other capsases
• cleaveage of other cytosolic proteins
• cleavage of nuclear lamina

D) a and b

• extrinsic pathways ( from outside the cell) : activates capsases
• intrinsic pathways (inside the cell)

The intrinisc pathway to activate apoptosis

• cell is doomed to die, no reversal.
• Cell is phagocytized by macrophages or other phagocytes