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a decision making approach in which each alternative is rated on each important factor affecting the decision, and the alternative rated highest overall is chosen
additive strategy
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a heuristic strategy that applies a solution used for a past problem to a current problem that shares many similar features
analogy heuristic
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a cognitive rule of thumb that bases the probability of an event or the importance assigned to it on its availability in memory.
availability heuristic
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the mental processes that are involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using information and that include sensation, perception, memory, imagery, concept formation, reasoning, decision making, problem solving, and language
cognition
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a mental category used to represent a class or group of objects, people, organizations, events, situations, or relations that share common characteristics or attributes.
concept
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the process of considering alternatives and choosing among them
decision making
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reasoning from the general to the specific, or drawing particular conclusions from general principles
deductive reasoning
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the underlying meaning of a sentence
deep structure
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a decision-making approach in which alternatives are eliminated if they do not satisfy a set of factors that have been ordered from most to least important
elimination by aspects
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the individual instances, or examples, of a concept that are stored in memory from personal experience
exemplars
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a concept that is clearly defined by a set of rules, a formal definition, or a classification system
formal concept
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the way information is presented so as to emphasize either a potential gain or a potential loss as the outcome of a decision based on that information
framing
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the failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems because of a tendency to view objects only in terms of their customary functions
functional fixedness
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a rule of thumb that is derived from experience and used in decision making and problem solving, although there is no guarantee of its accuracy or usefulness
heuristic
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the representation in the mind of a sensory experience-visual, auditory, gustatory, motor, olfactory, or tactile
imagery
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reasoning in which general conclusions are drawn from particular facts or individual cases
inductive reasoning
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a means of communicating thoughts and feelings, using a system of socially shared but arbitrary symbols (sounds, signs or written symbols) arranged according to rules or grammar
language
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a heuristic strategy in which the current position is compared with a desired goal, and a series of steps is formulated and then taken to close the gap between the two
means-end analysis
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the tendency to apply a familiar strategy to solve a problem even though another approach might be better
mental set
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the smallest units of meaning in a language
morphemes
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a concept acquired not from a defintion but through everyday perceptions and experiences
natural concept
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the smallest units of sound in a spoken language
phonemes
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the characteristics of spoken language, such as intonation and gestures, that indicate the social meaning of utterances
pragmatics
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using thoughts and actions to achieve a desired goal that is not readily attainable
problem solving
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an example that embodies the most common and typical features of a concept
prototype
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a form of thinking in which conclusions are drawn from a set of facts
reasoning
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a thinking strategy based on how closely a new object or situation is judged to resemble or match an exisiting prototype of that object or situation
representative heuristic
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the meaning derived from morphemes, words and sentences
semantics
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the literal words of a sentence that are spoken or written(or signed)
surface structure
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a schemem of logical reasoning in which two statements known as premises are followed by a valid conclusion
syllogism
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the aspect of grammar that specifies the rules for arranging and combining words to form phrases and sentences
syntax
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a heuristic strategy in which a person discovers the steps needed to solve a problem by starting with the solution and working back through the problem
working backwards
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